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ENDOSCOPE
ENDOSCOPY
Endoscopy means looking inside... 2007-07-10 05:17:00 ENDOSCOPEENDOSCOPYEndoscopy means looking inside
and typically refers to looking inside the human body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. Endoscopy can also refer to using a borescope in engineering and technical situations where direct line-of-sight observation is not feasible.DETAILS1.)Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure used to assess the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body. The instrument may have a rigid or flexible tube and not only provide an image for visual inspection and photography, but also enable taking biopsies and retrieval of foreign objects. Endoscopy is the vehicle for minimally invasive surgery.2.)Many endoscopic procedures are considered to be relatively painless and, at worst, associated with mild discomfort. Most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anaesthesia of the oropharynx using lignocaine spray.Complications are rare (only 5% of all operations)but can include perfo
Human Circulatory System 2007-07-20 17:04:00 Main Features 1.)A liquid, blood, to transport nutrients,wastes,oxygen and carbon dioxide,hormones2.)Two pumps (in a single heart)one to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs;the other to pump oxygenated blood to all the other organs and tissues of the body.3.)A system of blood vessels to distribute blood throughout the body4.)Specialized organs for exchange of materials between the blood and the external environment; for example organs like the lungs and intestine that add materials to the blood and organs like the lungs and kidneys that remove materials from the blood and deposit them back in the external environment. The heart and pulmonary systemThe heart is located roughly in the center of the chest cavity. It is covered by a protective membrane, the pericardium.1.)Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium.2.)It flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The term tricuspid refers to the three flaps of tissue that make up the valve.3.)Contraction of t Read more:System
MATHEMATICS & PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING 2007-07-22 21:16:00 Book Title : Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical ImagingPublisher : National Academy of SciencesPREFACEThe Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging was constituted in 1993 and given the charge to "write a report that gives a survey of the emerging contributions of the mathematical sciences and physics to dynamic biomedical imaging and identifies and recommends specific mathematical sciences and physics research to accelerate the development and implementation of new medical imaging systems." At its first meeting, the committee discussed the frontiers of biomedical imaging that could profit from more involvement from physicists and mathematical scientists, outlined its proposed report, and identified individuals, listed below, who could supplement the committee's expertise in documenting these frontiers and the related research opportunities. At its subsequent two meetings, the committee drew on the large quantity of valuable draf
FLUOROSCOPY 2007-07-22 20:42:00 Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians to obtain real-time images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an x-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an x-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be played and recorded on a monitor. The use of x-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires that the potential risks from a procedure be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. While physicians always try to use low dose rates during fluoroscopy procedures, the length of a typical procedure often results in a relatively high absorbed dose to the patient. Recent advances include the digitization of the images captured and flat-panel detector systems which reduce the radiation dose to the patient still further.Fluoroscope designThe first fluoroscopes cons
BOOK REVIEW OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 2007-07-21 21:22:00 Book Title : DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Author : William K.Pratt Publisher : John wiley & SonsDescriptionToday, image processing has become a vital, cost-effective technology in a host of applications. This Edition covers these new developments in this dynamic field. Five sections explore the characterization of continuous images, image sampling and quantization techniques along with the mathematical representation of discrete images, two-dimensional signal processing techniques, image enhancement and restoration techniques and image analysis.CLICK TO READ
IMAGING TECHNOLOGY 2007-07-21 21:14:00 FluoroscopyFluoroscopy produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in a similar fashion to radiography, but employs a constant input of x rays. Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in image-guided procedures when constant feedback during a procedure is required.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)A Magnetic Resonance Imaging instrument (MRI scanner) uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded resulting in images of the body. In brief, MRI involves the use of three kinds of electromagnetic field: a very strong (of the order of units of teslas) static magnetic field to polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the static field; a weaker time-varying (of the order of 1 kHz) for spatial encoding, called the gradient field(s); and a weak radio-frequency (RF) field for mani
MEDICAL IMAGING 2007-07-21 21:08:00 1.)Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function). As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography, medical photography and microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations). Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.2.)In the clinical context, medical imaging is generally equated to Radiology or "clinical imaging" and the medical practitioner responsible for
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS MADE SIMPLE - BOOK REVIEW 2007-07-26 01:22:00 Book Title : Signals & Systems Made Ridiculously Simple Author : Zoher Z.KaruPublisher : Zizi Press, CambridgeCONTENTS1.)Introduction to Signals & Systems2.)Continuous Time Systems3.)Frequency Domain4.)Laplace Transform5.)CT System Analysis6.)Bode Plots7.)Discrete Signals & Z-Transforms8.)Discrete Time Systems9.)Generalized Functions10.)Impulse Response & Convolution11.)Discrete Time Convolution12.)Continuous Time Convolution13.)Deconvolution14.)Causality & Stability15.)Feedback16.)Fourier Transform17.)Modulation18.)Filters19.)Sampling20.)Fourier SeriesCLICK TO READ
BOOK REVIEW : SCIENTIST & ENGINEER GUIDE TO DSP 2007-07-24 22:22:00 Book Title : The Scientist & Engineer's guide to Digital Signal Processing, 2nd EditionAuthor : Steven W.SmithPublisher : California Technical PublishingBook Description This book was written for scientists and engineers in a wide variety of fields: physics, bioengineering, geology, oceanography, mechanical and electrical engineering, to name just a few. The goal is to present Digital Signal Processing in practical techniques while avoiding the barriers of detailed mathematics and abstract theory. To achieve this goal, three strategies were employed in writing this book: First, the techniques are explained, not simply proven to be true through mathematical derivations. While much of the mathematics is included, it is not used as the primary means of conveying the information. Nothing beats a few well written paragraphs supported by good illustrations. Second, complex numbers are treated as an advanced topic, something to be learned after the fundamental principles are understood. Chap
HANDHELD X-RAY SYSTEM - VIDEO 2007-07-24 12:11:00 NOMAD is a handheld intraoral x-ray system that is cordless, battery-powered, true DC, lightweight and simple-to-use. An external backscatter shield and unique internal radiation shielding ensure operator safety that exceeds regulatory requirements. NOMAD's true portability doesn't compromise the diagnostic quality of the x-ray images. It's economical. In the office, NOMAD does the work of multiple conventional x-rays.
BOOK REVIEW OF SCHAUM's ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2007-07-24 06:06:00 Book Title : SCHAUM's OUTLINE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
Publisher : McGRAW HILLDescriptionThis step-by-step guide makes learning Anatomy & Physiology easier! Everything you need to know is simplified, condensed, and outlined so you don't waste time with unimportant information. This guide gives you spelled-out objectives, a clear question-and-answer format, and easy-to-understand illustrations, diagrams, and charts. With this handy Schaum's Guide, you can save precious study time and get the most advantage from the time you do have for schoolwork. And this Schaum's Outline is full of hundreds of practice problems and exercies. You can test yourself as you go along, without any penalty for making mistakes. Fully updated, this new edition is so complete that you can even use it as a self-study course!Contents1.) Introduction to the Human Body2.) Cellular Chemistry3.) Cell Structure & Function4.) Tissues5.) Integumentary System6.) Skeletal System7.) Muscle Tissue & Mode of Contract
BOOK REVIEW OF ESSENTIALS OF RADIOLOGIC IMAGING 2007-07-24 03:24:00 Book Title : ESSENTIALS OF RADIOLOGIC IMAGING, Seventh Edition Author : John H. JuhlPublisher : Lippincott Williams & WilkinsPages : 1388 DescriptionThis concise single-volume text and reference has been consistently praised for its practical organization by body systems and regions, clear and readable style, abundance of superb illustrations, and comprehensive approach to both common and uncommon disorders. The Seventh Edition features 12 new contributing authors and completely rewritten sections on the brain and spinal cord; the chest; and the face, mouth, and jaws. Coverage of the chest includes three new chapters on chest disease in the immunocompromised patient; inflammatory and immunologic disease of the lung; and chest trauma, the postoperative chest, and the ICU patient. The chapter on obstetric and gynecologic imaging also has been rewritten by a new contributing author. The book contains more than 1,700 illustrations--about 1,000 of them new to this edi
X-RAY ATTENUATION THEORY 2007-07-24 03:17:00 A photon is an X-ray when it is formed by an event involving an electron, while the photon is a gamma ray when it comes from the nucleus of an atom. In general, medical radiography is done using X-rays formed in an X-ray tube. Nuclear medicine typically involves gamma rays.The types of electromagnetic radiation of most interest to radiography are X-ray and gamma radiation. This radiation is much more energetic than the more familiar types such as radio waves and visible light. It is this relatively high energy which makes gamma rays useful in radiography but potentially hazardous to living organisms.The radiation is produced by X-ray tubes, high energy X-ray equipment or natural radioactive elements, such as radium and radon, and artificially produced radioactive isotopes of elements, such as cobalt-60 and iridium-192. Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, but is generally depicted as a single sinusoidal wave. While in the past radium and radon
MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY 2007-07-24 02:58:00 i.)Radiography is the use of ionising electromagnetic radiation to view objects. ii.)The modification of objects with radiation is not radiography. In cases of modification, when the object is a human or an animal and the purpose is a cure of disease, it is radiotherapy and when the object is not living it could be food irradation or some other form of radiation processing.Diagnostic radiographyi.)Diagnostic radiography involves the use of both ionising radiation and non-ionising radiation to create images for medical diagnoses. ii.)The predominant test is still the X-ray (the word X-ray is often used for both the test and the actual film or digital image). X-rays are the second most commonly used medical tests, after laboratory tests. This application is known as diagnostic radiography. iii.)Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, X-rays can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on film by highlighting these differences using attenuatio
X-RAY MACHINES 2007-07-24 02:40:00 1.)An X-ray machine utilizes electromagnetic radiation to produce an image of an object, usually with the purpose of visualizing something located below the object's surface.2.)The machine is made up of an X-ray source or X-ray tube, an x-ray detection system, and positioning hardware to align these two components with the object to be imaged.BASICS OF X-RAY MACHINEAn X-ray imaging system consists of a X-ray source or generator, and an image detection system which can either be comprised of film (analog technology) or a digital capture system.X-ray Sourcesi.)In the typical X-ray source of less than 450kV, X-ray photons are produced by an electron beam striking a target. The electrons that make up the stream beam are emitted from a heated cathode filament. The electrons are then focused and accelerated towards an anode target. The point where the electron beam strikes the target is called the focal spot. Most of the kinetic energy contained in the electron beam is converted to heat. Bu
DETECTORS OF X-RAYS 2007-07-24 00:33:00 1.)Photographic Platei.)The detection of X-rays is based on various methods. The most commonly known method are a photographic plate, X-ray film in a cassette, and rare earth screens.ii.)A photographic plate or film is used in hospitals to produce images of the internal organs and bones of a patient. Since photographic plates are not generally sensitive to X-rays, phosphorescent screens are usually placed in contact with the emulsion of the plate or film. The X-rays strike the phosphor screen, which emits visible light, which exposes the film. The emulsion still needs to be heavily doped with silver compounds and can be coated on both sides of the film or plate.iii.)The part of the patient to be X-rayed is placed between the X-ray source and the photographic receptor to produce what is a shadow of all the internal structure of that particular part of the body being X-rayed. The X-rays are blocked by dense tissues such as bone and pass through soft tissues. Those areas where the X-rays
USES OF X-RAYS 2007-07-24 00:24:00 MEDICAL USESSince it is discovered that X-rays can identify bony structures, X-rays have been developed for their use in medical imaging. Radiology is a specialized field of medicine. Radiographers employ radiography and other techniques for diagnostic imaging. This is probably the most common use of X-ray technology.1.)SKELETAL SYSTEMX-rays are especially useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system, but are also useful for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue. 2.)CHEST X-RAYSome notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer or pulmonary edema3.)ABDOMINAL X-RAYthe abdominal X-ray, which can detect ileus (blockage of the intestine), free air (from visceral perforations) and free fluid (in ascites). 4.)DETECTING STONES IN BODYIn some cases, the use of X-rays is debatable, such as gallstones (which are rarely radiopaque) or kidney stones (which are often visible, but not always). 5.)A
DIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHY 2007-07-24 00:23:00 To create a blood or artery X-ray, also called digital angiography, iodine is injected into the veins and a digitized image is created. Then, a second image is established of only the parts of the X-rayed section without iodine. The first image is subtracted then a final image is produced containing both the first and second images together. Lastly, the results are printed. The doctor or surgeon then compares the results of the angiography to a perfect angiography structure to see if there are any malfunctions.
X-RAYS 2007-07-24 00:10:00 1.) X-rays (or Röntgen rays) are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 to 30 000 PHz (1 PHz = 1015 Hertz).2.)X-rays are primarily used for diagnostic radiography and crystallography. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous. UNITS OF MEASURE 1.)The unit of measure for an X-ray is called a rem, "r". 2.)A rem is a relatively large amount, and therefore exposure to X-rays for medical use is often measured in mrems (or millirems).PHYSICS OF X-RAYS1.)i.)X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of around 10-10 meters.ii.)When medical X-rays are being produced, a thin metallic sheet is placed between the emitter and the target, effectively filtering out the lower energy (soft) X-rays. This is often placed close to the window of the X-ray tube. The resultant X-ray is said to be hard. iii.)Soft X-rays overlap the range of extreme ultraviolet. Th
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 2007-07-24 00:06:00 Few techniques of diagnostic radiology are:1.)Plain radiography (X-rays)2.)Flouroscopy3.)Mammography4.)Computed tomography (CT)5.)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)6.)Ultrasound7.)Nuclear imaging
RADIOLOGY BRANCHES 2007-07-24 00:05:00 BRANCHES OF RADIOLOGYRadiology can be divided into branches according to medical applications:1.)Diagnostic radiology concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the diagnosis of disease. 2.)Therapeutic Radiology utilizes radiation for therapy of disease.3.)Interventional radiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic procedures.4.)Neuroradiology The sub-specialty in the field of Central nervous system imaging.5.)Interventional Neuroradiology uses imaging to guide therapeutic procedures in the head, neck and spine.6.)Musculoskeletal radiology The sub-specialty in the field of bone, joint and muscular imaging.7.)Pediatric RadiologyThis is a subspecialty of Radiology that specializes in the imaging of children and adolescents.8.)Nuclear Medicine This is a subspecialty of Radiology that uses radioisotopes in the characterization of lesions and disease processes, and often yields functional information.9.)Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer. W
RADIOLOGY 2007-07-23 23:55:00 1.)Radiology is the medical specialty directing medical imaging technologies to diagnose and sometimes treat diseases. 2.)Originally it was the aspect of medical science dealing with the medical use of electromagnetic energy emitted by X-ray machines or other such radiation devices for the purpose of obtaining visual information as part of medical imaging.3.)Radiology that involves use of x-ray is called roentgenology. Today, following extensive training, radiologists direct an array of imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose or treat disease. 4.)Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or radiologic technologist.5.)Outside of the medical field, radiology also encompasses the examination of the inner structure of objects using X-rays or other p
ULTRASOUND SHOWING FETUS-VIDEOS 2007-07-26 18:43:00 Ultrasound on FetusWeek 12 Ultrasound with QuintupletsThis is an ultrasound of the Wilkinson Quintuplets at 12 Weeks. Features both 3D and 2D ultrasound.ULTRASOUND OF TWINS4D TWIN ULTRASOUND4D Twin Ultrasound: Boot to the Head3D ULTRASOUND OF A BABY4D ultrasoundULRASOUND PROCEDURE ON A LADY
U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney left a hospital ... 2007-07-30 13:37:00 U.S. Vice President
Dick Cheney
left a hospital
in Washington Saturday following a scheduled operation to replace a battery in a device that monitors his heart.Mr. Cheney has a history of heart trouble. He has suffered four heart attacks, the most recent in 2000.An internal defibrillator was implanted in his chest in 2001. The device monitors his heartbeat and administers an electric shock to the heart muscle to correct irregular beats.During Cheney's routine physical examination last month, his doctors noticed the defibrillator's battery had weakened to the point that it should be replaced.Cheney's office said the device had been operating normally and had not had to correct any irregular heartbeats. Read more:Vice President
, Dick Cheney
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