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CONTINUUM MECHANICS 2007-07-03 13:18:00 It is often appropriate to model living tissues as continuous media. For example, at the tissue level, the arterial wall can be modeled as a continuum. This assumption breaks down when the length scales of interest approach the order of the micro structural details of the material. The basic postulates of continuum mechanics are :1.) Conservation of linear and angular momentum, 2.) Conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and 3.) Entropy inequality. Solids are usually modeled using "reference" or "Lagrangian" coordinates, whereas fluids are often modeled using "spatial" or "Eulerian" coordinates. Using these postulates and some assumptions regarding the particular problem at hand, a set of equilibrium equations can be established. The kinematics and constitutive relations are also needed to model a continuum.Second and fourth order tensors are crucial in representing many quantities in electromechanical. In practice, however, the full tensor form of a fourth-order constitutive mat
Biomechanics- Applications 2007-07-03 13:14:00 1.)The study of biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs, the vasculature, and bones. As we develop a greater understanding of the physiological behavior of living tissues, researchers are able to advance the field of tissue engineering, as well as develop improved treatments for a wide array of pathologies.2.)Biomechanics as a sports science, kinesiology, applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in athletic events through modeling, simulation, and measurement. Read more:Applications
BIOMECHANICS-Introduction 2007-07-03 13:05:00 Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms or the application and derivation of engineering principles to and from biological systems. The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, all the way up to the tissue and organ level. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics can supply correct approximations on each level, but precise details demand the use of continuum mechanics. Aristotle wrote the first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium, or On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued questions such as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish, the anchora Read more:Introduction
KINESIOLOGY 2007-07-03 12:16:00 Kinesiology and BiomechanicsKinesiology has been traditionally defined as the study of human movement from the point of view of physical sciences (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997). It has two main areas: anatomical kinesiology and mechanical kinesiology. The former deals with the mechanical aspects of the human body while the latter deals with the mechanical aspects of the human motion.Biomechanics is defined as application of the mechanical principles in the study of living organism . The main interest in this field of study is mechanical analysis of the biological systems such as the human.Kinesiology is very similar to biomechanics as long as the main area of application is the human. So we can use both terms interchangeably.Nowadays, people tend to use the term kinesiology for more broader meaning: the study of human movement. They have identified several additional areas such as psychological kinesiology, physiological kinesiology, etc. The term kinesiology replaces the traditional
BIOMECHANICS DEFINITION 2007-07-03 12:16:00 BIOMECHANICS is defined as the area of study wherein the knowledge and methods of biomechanics are applied to the structure and function of the living human system. BIOMECHANICS of human movement can be defined as the interdiscipline which describes, analyses and assesses human movement
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE
1.) Wireless capsule endoscop... 2007-07-08 07:19:00 CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE1.) Wireless
capsule endoscopy, also known as the capsule camera or video pill or Miniature ingestible Capsule is a camera with the size and shape of pill used to visualize the gastrointestinal tract.2.) This device is being promoted as an alternative to an endoscopy and has become a valuable tool to gastroenterologists all over the world with sales over 135 million dollars per year with over half million Capsules already sold. The camera assists in detecting cancer, ulcers and other types of internal medical ailments.3.) Capsule Endoscopy is a revolutionary new technology that allows our physicians to see the middle part of your intestinal tract – the small intestine – where no scope can currently go. Our patients can now swallow a wireless video camera about the size of a large vitamin, and then go normally about their day while the capsule records images throughout the digestive tract. This new tool is especially helpful in finding the source of unexplained inte
SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY 2007-07-06 13:20:00 The major systems of the human body are:1.)Circulatory system: the blood circulation with heart, arteries and veins2.)Digestive system: processing food with mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.(CLICK TO ENLARGE)3.)Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones4.)Urinary system: eliminating wastes from the body5.)Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents6.)Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails7.)Lymphatic system : produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system8.)Muscular system: moving the body with muscles9.)Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves10.)Reproductive system: the sex organs11.)Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs12.)Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones
DIFFERENT ANATOMIES 2007-07-06 13:17:00 COMPARARIVE ANATOMYComparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANATOMYAnthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.ARTISTIC ANATOMYArtistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
HUMAN ANATOMY 2007-07-06 13:08:00 1.)Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.2.)Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, physiotherapists, nurses and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials. 3.)The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).4.)Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences.5.)Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory Read more:ANATOMY
SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY 2007-07-06 13:06:00 Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or medical professionals gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Read more:ANATOMY
ANATOMY 2007-07-06 11:58:00 Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the structure of living things. It is a general term that can include human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). Anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparitive embryology .DIVISIONSAnatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and histology. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organisation of tissues),and cytology (the study of cells).The study of anatomy is developed by understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th centur Read more:ANATOMY
Anthropometry Basics 2007-07-04 10:51:00 Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN ANTHROPOMETRYContents1.)Anthropometric Measurement2.)Hanavan Model3.)Anthropometric measurement form4.)Density5.)Average Density6.)SkinFold Test7.)Body Mass Index8.)Degree of freedom9.)Elasticity Definition10.)Coefficient of Elasticity11.)Strain12.)Stress13.)Center of gravity14.)Moment of inertia15.)Inertia Tensor16.)AnthropometryDOWNLOAD TO READ Read more:Basics
ANTHROPOMETRY 2007-07-04 10:44:00 Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements of the human body. It refers to the measurement of living human individuals for the purposes of understanding human physical variation.Anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics, and architecture, where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in life styles, nutrition and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (example, the obesity epidemic), and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections.
Dynamics Basics 2007-07-04 10:41:00 Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN DYNAMICSContents1.)Dynamics
2.)Newton's First Law3.)Newton's second Law4.)Newton's third law5.)Momentum6.)Momentum Conservation7.)Free Body Diagram8.)Torque9.)Work10.)Mechanical Energy11.)Energy Conservation12.)Power13.)PressureDOWNLOAD TO READ Read more:Basics
DYNAMICS 2007-07-04 10:36:00 Dynamics is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.PICTURES OF HUMAN DYNAMICS MEASUREMENT:
KINEMATICS BASICS 2007-07-04 10:16:00 Book Title : BASIC TERMS IN KINEMATICSContents1.) Kinematics2.) Orientation In Space3.) Coordinate Systems4.) Angle5.) Euler Angles6.) Kinematic Chains7.) Position8.) Velocity9.) Acceleration10.)Angular Acceleration11.)Orientation During Trampoline Jump12.)Relative Segmental Orientation13.)Full Kinematic DescriptionDOWNLOAD TO READ
KINEMATICS 2007-07-04 10:09:00 Kinematics is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to the forces which cause themotion.HUMAN KINEMATIC MODELING(CLICK TO ENLARGE)
Soft Tissue Biomechanics 2007-07-03 14:06:00 Soft tissues such as tendon, ligament and cartilage are combinations of matrix proteins and fluid. In each of these tissues the main strength bearing element is collagen, although the amount and type of collagen varies according to the function each tissue must perform. Elastin is also a major load-bearing constituent within skin, the vasculature, and connective tissues. The function of tendons is to connect muscle with bone and is subjected to tensile loads. Tendons must be strong to facilitate movement of the body while at the same time remaining compliant to prevent damage to the muscle tissues. Ligaments connect bone to bone and therefore are stiffer than tendons but are relatively close in their tensile strength. Cartilage, on the other hand, is primarily loaded in compression and acts as a cushion in the joints to distribute loads between bones. The compressive strength of collagen is derived mainly from collagen as in tendons and ligaments, however because collagen is comparable
Muscle Biomechanics 2007-07-03 14:02:00 There are three main types of muscles:1.)Skeletal muscle (striated): Unlike cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle can develop a sustained condition known as tetany through high frequency stimulation, resulting in overlapping twitches and a phenomenon known as wave summation. At a sufficiently high frequency, tetany occurs, and the contracticle force appears constant through time. This allows skeletal muscle to develop a wide variety of forces. This muscle type can be voluntary controlled. Hill's Model is the most popular model used to study muscle.2.)Cardiac muscle (striated): Cardiomyocytes are a highly specialized cell type. These involuntarily contracted cells are located in the heart wall and operate in concert to develop synchronized beats. This is attributable to a refractory period between twitches.3.)Smooth muscle (smooth - lacking striations): The stomach, vasculature, and most of the digestive tract are largely composed of smooth muscle. This muscle type is involuntary and is cont
Bones Biomechanics 2007-07-03 14:00:00 Bones are anisotropic but are approximately transversely isotropic. In other words, bones are stronger along one axis than across that axis, and are approximately the same strength no matter how they are rotated around that axis.The stress-strain relations of bones can be modeled using Hooke's law, in which they are related by elastic moduli, e.g. Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio or the Lamé parameters. The constitutive matrix, a fourth order tensor, depends on the isotropy of the bone.σij = CijklεklHOOKE's LAWHooke's law of elasticity is an approximation that states that the amount by which a material body is deformed (the strain) is linearly related to the force causing the deformation (the stress). Read more:Bones
Circulation Biomechanics 2007-07-03 13:56:00 Blood flow can be modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations. Whole blood can often be assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid. However, this assumption fails when considering flows within arterioles. At this scale, the effects of individual red blood cells becomes significant, and whole blood can no longer be modeled as a continuum. When the diameter of the blood vessel is slightly larger than the diameter of the red blood cell the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect occurs and there is a decrease in wall shear stress. However, as the diameter of the blood vessel decreases further, the red blood cells have to squeeze through the vessel and often can only pass in single file. In this case, the inverse Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect occurs and the wall shear stress increases.Navier-Stokes equationsThe Navier-Stokes equations, describe the motion of fluid substances such as liquids and gases. These equations establish that changes in momentum in infinitesimal volumes of fluid are simply the sum
CONTINUUM MECHANICS 2007-07-03 13:18:00 It is often appropriate to model living tissues as continuous media. For example, at the tissue level, the arterial wall can be modeled as a continuum. This assumption breaks down when the length scales of interest approach the order of the micro structural details of the material. The basic postulates of continuum mechanics are :1.) Conservation of linear and angular momentum, 2.) Conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and 3.) Entropy inequality. Solids are usually modeled using "reference" or "Lagrangian" coordinates, whereas fluids are often modeled using "spatial" or "Eulerian" coordinates. Using these postulates and some assumptions regarding the particular problem at hand, a set of equilibrium equations can be established. The kinematics and constitutive relations are also needed to model a continuum.Second and fourth order tensors are crucial in representing many quantities in electromechanical. In practice, however, the full tensor form of a fourth-order constitutive mat
Biomechanics- Applications 2007-07-03 13:14:00 1.)The study of biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs, the vasculature, and bones. As we develop a greater understanding of the physiological behavior of living tissues, researchers are able to advance the field of tissue engineering, as well as develop improved treatments for a wide array of pathologies.2.)Biomechanics as a sports science, kinesiology, applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in athletic events through modeling, simulation, and measurement. Read more:Applications
BIOMECHANICS-Introduction 2007-07-03 13:05:00 Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms or the application and derivation of engineering principles to and from biological systems. The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, all the way up to the tissue and organ level. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics can supply correct approximations on each level, but precise details demand the use of continuum mechanics. Aristotle wrote the first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium, or On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued questions such as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish, the anchora Read more:Introduction
KINESIOLOGY 2007-07-03 12:16:00 Kinesiology and BiomechanicsKinesiology has been traditionally defined as the study of human movement from the point of view of physical sciences (Luttgens & Hamilton, 1997). It has two main areas: anatomical kinesiology and mechanical kinesiology. The former deals with the mechanical aspects of the human body while the latter deals with the mechanical aspects of the human motion.Biomechanics is defined as application of the mechanical principles in the study of living organism . The main interest in this field of study is mechanical analysis of the biological systems such as the human.Kinesiology is very similar to biomechanics as long as the main area of application is the human. So we can use both terms interchangeably.Nowadays, people tend to use the term kinesiology for more broader meaning: the study of human movement. They have identified several additional areas such as psychological kinesiology, physiological kinesiology, etc. The term kinesiology replaces the traditional
BIOMECHANICS DEFINITION 2007-07-03 12:16:00 BIOMECHANICS is defined as the area of study wherein the knowledge and methods of biomechanics are applied to the structure and function of the living human system. BIOMECHANICS of human movement can be defined as the interdiscipline which describes, analyses and assesses human movement
BIOMECHANICS & SPORT BIOMECHANICS 2007-06-29 12:56:00 BIOMECHANICSBiomechanics is a diverse interdisciplinary field, with branches in Zoology, Botany, Physical Anthropology, Orthopedics, Bioengineering and Human Performance. The general role of Biomechanics is to understand the mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. In relation to sport, Biomechanics contributes to the description, explanation, and prediction of the mechanical aspects of human exercise, sport and play.SPORT BIOMECHANICSSport Biomechanics is the sport science field that applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance, in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in athletic events through modeling, simulation and measurement. It is also necessary to have a good understanding of the application of physics to sport, as physical principles such as motion, resistance, momentum and friction play a part in most sporting events.
MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 2007-06-27 20:55:00 BOOK TITLE : MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
DESCRIPTIONThe goal of the book Medical physiology is to provide a clear, accurate, and up-to-date introduction to medical physiology for medical students and studnts in allied health sciences. Physiology, the study of normal function, is key to understanding pathophysiology and pharmacology and is essential to the everyday practice of clinical medicineTOPICS1.) Cellular Physiology2.)Neuro physiology3.)Muscle physiology4.)Blood & Cardiovascular physiology5.)Respiratory physiology6.)Renal physiology & Body fluids7.) Gastrointestinalphysiology8.)Temperature regulation & Exercise physiology9.)Endocrine physiology10.)Reproductive physiologyCLICK TO READ
BIOMECHANICS 2007-06-27 11:33:00 Biomechanics combines engineering and the life sciences by applying principles from classical mechanics to the study of living systems.FEW TOPICS OF BIOMECHANICS1.)Strength of biological materials2.)Biofluid mechanics in cardiovascular and respiratory systems3.)Material properties & Interactions of medical implants and the body4.)Heat & mass transfer into biological tissues5.)Kinematics & Kinetics applied to study human gait6.)Biomechanics of exercise fitness7.)Biomechanics of Joints8.)Biomechanics of scoliosis9.)Biomechanics of skin10.)Biomechanics of human spine11.)Biomechanics of tooth and jaw
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