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SET - speeding up movie downloads! 2007-05-08 10:38:00 We all have been addicts! Yes i mean it. The P2P have given us the chance to download huge chunks of data in a less complicated way! We have since then been addicts to this! But, how many time have the downlaod failed? We keep retrying but with no results. This is because the P2P try to find the same file across a large number of computers. Researchers at the Carnegie Mellon University have solved this problem! Similarity-Enhanced Transfer (SET) is a technique for improving the speed at which peer-to-peer file sharing and content distribution systems can share data. By identifying relevant chunks of files similar to a desired file, SET greatly increases the number of potential sources for downloads.P2PP2P (peer tot peer) is really a great concept. Just by identifying many more sources for data files, P2P reduces bottlenecks for data transfers. These systems first locate the copies of the requested file in the network's global lookup table using its "hash"--a unique identifier related Read more:movie
3-D Chips: Moore's Law Into The Third Dimension? 2007-04-18 09:59:00 Global infotech giant - IBM - has announced a breakthrough development in chip-stacking technology.They claim to have progressed considerably towards a three-dimensional chip that will extend Moore
's Law beyond its expected limits. The technology – called "through-silicon vias" -- allows different chip components to be packaged much closer together for faster, smaller, and lower-power systems.New stacking technologyThe IBM breakthrough enables the move from the conventional - horizontal [2-D] chip layouts to a horizontal and vertical [3-D] chip stacking. This means semconductor devices that used to sit side by side on a silicon wafercan now be stacked together, on top of one another. The result is a compact sandwich of components that dramatically reduces the size of the overall chip package and boosts the speed at which data flows among the functions on the chip.“This breakthrough is a result of more than a decade of pioneering research at IBM,” said Lisa Su, vice president, Se Read more:Chips
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Chips to clock TeraHertz! 2007-03-26 07:57:00 Researchers at the University of Rochester are in an attempt to make a transistor that, at room temperature, could operate at a blazing terahertz speed. The device has been named "ballistic deflection transistor" by them and we cant expect the product in markets anytime soon. But the very prospect of such a device sends down a thrill down our spine.... right? So read on!The semiconductor industry has been on the lookout for alternatives to the traditional transistor because of the famous Moore's Law. The prediction is that the device will reach its speed and size limits within the next two decades. Currently, the fastest crop of transistors (used mainly by the telecommunication industry)run at a couple hundred gigahertz. But these run at very much controlled environments, under low temperatures.In transistors, electrons flow through layers of semiconductor material and collect on a (leaky, parasitic) capacitor; and a charged capacitor represents a binary 1, whereas a discharged capaci Read more:Chips
Stretchable Silicon 2007-02-21 15:34:00 We mostly think of electronic circuitry in the form of rigid chips, but devices thin and flexible enough to be rolled up like a newspaper are fast approaching. Already, "smart" credit cards carry bendable microchips, and companies such as Fujitsu, Lucent Technologies, and E Ink are developing "electronic paper" -- thin, paper like displays.Most of the flexible circuits are made of organic semiconductors sprayed or stamped onto plastic sheets. These are useful for roll-up displays, but it is found that organic semiconductors are too slow for intense computing tasks. Silicon
still rules this area of applications.Now stretchable SiliconLike any other single crystal, single-crystal silicon doesn't naturally stretch. To exploit the flexibility of thin silicon, it is affixed in narrow strips to a stretched-out, rubber-like polymer. When the stretched polymer snaps back, the silicon strips buckle but do not break, forming "waves" that are ready to stretch out again. Diodes and transistor
Chaotic communication 2007-01-18 15:36:00 We all know communication
is all about sending and receiving the information correctly,without any errors at all. Numerous ways to achieve this task have been devised in the pastby man and the quest for better technologies continues. The latest one is to utilize thechaotic laws of nature! i.e. bringing order out of chaos!!Chaos.. every whereThe seemingly random nature of the chaotic phenomenon was thought about, out of curiosity inearly days. Bringing in order out of chaos was never ever thought of by man. But as the technology improves, researchers are looking to bring out just this. The results are said tobe very encouraging. Under favourable conditions, initial tests were able to achieve giga-bit speeds over a few hundred kilometers.Bringing order...A unique feature of the chaotic system is that, even though they have a seemingly chaoticnature as a whole, the immediate behavior is somewhat predictable. So this means, the near-term behaviour of the system can be made controllable. A Read more:Chaotic
Converged Services Framework-A NGN Service Layer approach to enabling 2006-12-13 19:11:00 Executive SummarySubscribers access communications services from a range of mediums and to a range of devices: the home phone, mobile handset, PDA, set top box, PC and laptop. Depending on the network environment available and the service customers wish to use, they manually select the optimum access device. For example, it’s common practice to drop a landline call in the home or office and restart this call from the cellular handset when leaving the building. Today, subscribers have multiple devices and typically purchase services from at least two and in many cases three Service
Providers.The technical ‘barriers’ that separate cable, fixed line and mobile landscapes govern the relationship between provider, service and customer. And because this is the way it’s always been, users haven’t questioned the fact that they have to adapt to networks. But the way it’salways been is about to change: the industry is rapidly evolving towards service-oriented ‘Next Generation Netwo Read more:Services
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Securing embedded systems 2006-11-29 16:11:00 Embedded system security is gaining more importance these days, since the designs done world-wide are getting more and more complex. This as well calls for design security. Since the expectation levels of reliability for an embedded
system is very very high, the developers must account for the probability of a system hack, which could lead to near fatal consequences.What is to be protected?This is the first problem to be addressed. With shrinking time to market and an ever increasing competition, Intellectual property theft is a critical problem the manufacturers are facing. It is important to draw a line between what data is private and what can be made public. As on today NO GLOBALLY valid IP LAW exists. But progress is being made in this direction. Embedded designers have to think in terms of protecting the IP involved, be it designs, data or code. For this all measures may be taken , including physical packaging protection along with some traditional software methods.Type of Attack
On WiMax Cost and performance 2006-11-23 16:56:00 The first WiMax Forum-certified device is reportedly only few months old, and already, the market is bulging with a variety of products. The competition is intense. With giants like Intel and Motorola announcing a big investments, the designers are really keeping their fingers crossed. That is mainly because, the initial efforts to push WiMax has not been very effective. This is basically because, in telecom, cost plays a big role.WiMax costs - Critical factor.WiMax has been initially projected as the wireless broadband technology for the rural areas. Some operators are into deployment off-late. But this has been limited as the effort was toprovide WiMax as alternate for those areas that are not covered by existing broadbandtechnologies. Whether wide-deployment of WiMax becomes reality depends on the cost. For acustomer who meets a new technology, he expects to get things done "better", and by "better"he means a lower cost also. For the operator the criteria is Operating costs. So a de
Modules for wireless applications 2006-11-08 15:55:00 A big market exists for wireless applications today. Companies are offering a wide range of radio modules for wireless applications, and it is difficult to choose between them. For a change, we look into some of the radio interface modules which are available in the market. The key factors that are considered are the power consumption, integration ease and range, features and finally the usability or functionality. Some are suitable for industrial applications also. A variety of antenna options are also available for the products. A list of companies which have products which are worth a look are listed in the following sections. Typical products of some companies are given below for a fast look up.Aerocomm is one company to watch out for if you are looking for the fastest way to go wireless, since they seem to have a wide range of products. The company claims to offer compact transceivers, which are ready to integrate, and offers technology that ensures reliable communication even in Read more:Modules
Convolutional codes and The Viterbi algorithm 2006-10-17 19:01:00 Any type of a communication system has its success based on how well it reassembles and presents the data that was transmitted over the channel. All kinds of error correction /prevention techniques have been employed by the mankind, over the years. The Digital Signal Processing (DSP) methods has been the strong the foundation on which the modern communication systems stand and try to stretch the human reach. It is interesting to note that, DSP were just a curiosity in the early 50s'! After the digital revolution following the integrated circuit advancements, it has become omnipresent. The widely used application is the error correction techniques, of which the convolutional coding has the topmost place.IntroductionDifferent types of codes are used to encode digital data before transmission through noisy or error-prone channels. At the receiver, the bitstream is to be decoded to recover the original data, correcting errors in the process. The purpose is to improve the capacity of a cha Read more:algorithm
Mobile Security 2006-09-28 06:31:00 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSecurity is a common concern for enterprises deploying mobile devices and applications, and rightfully so. With proprietary information being delivered to increasing numbers of mobile workers engaged in activities beyond the physically secure perimeter of a corporate campus, greater potential exists for unauthorized access and use of proprietary information.As the leading provider of mobile enterprise solutions, AvantGo enables secure access to corporate data from casually connected mobile devices anywhere in the world. Through technology licensing and optimized system architecture, AvantGo provides a solution that ensures communications and transactions—from the mobile device to the corporatedatacenter—are kept secure. AvantGo solutions ensure the security of vital enterprise data using the most technologically advanced encryption schemes available. In addition, AvantGo infrastructure software, including the AvantGo M-Business Server and AvantGo Client, safeguard Read more:Mobile
Thrust Vectoring 2006-09-22 09:48:00 Well.. we all love to watch the air planes' take-off and landing. Everyone.. just evryone is awed by the sheer magnificiance of the huge birds' capabilities. We are accustomed to just the taking off and landing. There is far superior capabilities that the modern air planes have. How many of you have seen a plane taking off-- VERTICALLY?? How is it possible? The technology is currently limited to rockets and fighters only, due to the high costs involved. Just imagine a fighter lazying-off, coming to almost standstill and to surprise the opponent, takes a 360degree turn and flies off!!! That just what Thrust vectoring has made true... read on!Thrust vectoringThis engineering term describes the use of an engines nozzle to channel the force or thrust coming from a jet engine in all different directions other then straight one or the axis. The technique was originally developed to provide upward vertical thrust as a means to give aircraft Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) or Short Tak
Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) Technology 2006-08-30 07:02:00 Unlicensed MobileAccess
(UMA) technology provides access to GSM and GPRS mobile services over unlicensed spectrum technologies, including Bluetooth and 802.11. By deploying UMA technology, service providers can enable subscribers to roam and handover between cellular networks and public and private unlicensed wireless networks using dual-mode mobile handsets. With UMA, subscribers receive a consistent user experience for their mobile voice and data services as they transition between networks.In order to promote the widespread adoption of UMA technology, a number of leading companies within the wireless industry have jointly developed a set of open specifications. These specifications are available through this Web site, and may be used by vendors and carriers of wireless communications systems and applications to develop and deploy interoperable solutions.In addition to developing and maintaining the initial specifications, the participating companies are actively working with the Read more:Technology
Perpendicular recording 2006-08-28 07:46:00 From the age man discovered magnetic property, a lot of research has been done to use thisproperty for various applications. Storage has one of the loyal client of magnetism. Even today it continues. Off late a new wave of attack has been there on the magnetism, like the optical and solid-state storage technologies (see the previous articles on blu-rays and SSDs). But the magnetic storage has put up a brave face. It has managed to survive as a low-cost method. Recently, it has strengthened its Fort by introducing a new method of wrting/storing data - The perpendicular way!Perpendicular recordingLongitudinal magnetic recording has been the main technology of data storage industry. But it has been limited by thermal properties of longitudinal media, and the need for speed has always been on the up-curve. Compared to the conventional longitudinal recording mode, the perpendicular recording is capable of deferring the superparamagnetic limit to a substantially higher areal density due to t
Radio on the Web! 2006-08-14 09:18:00 We all know that the Radio
broadcasting began in the early ‘20s. But early day radio receivers were huge and portability was out of question. Thanks to the transistor, things have changed. Still, traditional radio have geographical limitations. It is at this point that the internet radio emerged. It has no bounds, no limitations of any kind... So what makes all this possible? Read on...'Online' for 'OnAir'The Internet radio broadcasting is basically a streaming a service via the Internet. The internet radio stations may be completely independent from "terrestrial" radio stations and may broadcast only on the Internet. Since it is over the internet, it can be accessed from anywhere in the cyberspace! This is what makes it hugely popular. It has been introduced in early 90's. As per wikipedia( http://www.wikipedia.org) the first Internet "radio station", Internet Talk Radio, was developed by Carl Malamud in 1993.Listen to the stream!There are two ways that you can broadcast. One
WiMAX Architecture 2006-08-14 07:29:00 WiMAX Architecture
The IEEE only defined the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers in 802.16. This approach has worked well for technologies such as Ethernet and WiFi, which rely on other bodies such as the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to set the standards for higher layer protocols such as TCP/IP, SIP, VoIP and IPSec. In the mobile wireless world, standards bodies such as 3GPP and 3GPP2 set standards over a wide range of interfaces and protocols because they require not only airlink interoperability, but also inter-vendor inter-network interoperability for roaming, multi-vendor access networks, and inter-company billing. Vendors and operators have recognized this issue, and have formed additional working groups to develop standard network reference models for open inter-network interfaces. Two of these are the WiMAX Forum’s Network Working Group, which is focused on creating higher-level networking specifications for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile WiMAX Read more:WiMAX
Fighting Spam 2006-08-05 11:07:00 Imagine the early days of the internet. The e-mail was just born. The people who had access to these technologies seemed to know each other, and there was a sense of honesty associated with the internet. The same technology which made life a lot easier in the early 70s has become a problem for millions of elite users....in its variant-the spam. In all its multi-folded guises, it has become a part of our life. We are target of so many bogus mails that we almost lose the legitimate ones each day.Fighting
and fighting hardAll the technology companies have been working hard to keep its users safe from the spammers. Accordingly lots of methods also have been proposed and implemented. They have had their impact on the spam-traffic. Statistics are available that support the claims. The basic step every e-mail server would take is to authenticate the originality of the mail, before delivery to the user. Some of the schemes have been proposed by industry giants like Microsoft, Yahoo, Cisco etc.
Motorola AXPT Technology-Reduce the Cost and Complexity of Delivering Mobile Broadband Indoors 2006-07-26 06:57:00 As much as 95% of all wireless broadband traffic is generated while wireless users are indoors. For instance, business users often shuttle from office to airport, to hotel, to customers’ office, spending only a relatively short time outdoors. Today, wireless data connectivity in these locations is provided by Wi-Fi access points, the benchmark for ease of use and performance that is nearly ubiquitous in airports, hotels and office.Does this mean that there is little meaningful growth in the Enterprise sector? Motorola
believes otherwise.Motorola AXPT was designed to combine the best of Wi-Fi and cellular techniques, enabling mobile service providers to cost effectively deploy UMTS/HSDPA in a far greater range of locations.A Significant Growth OpportunitySuccessful mobile service providers already derive a significant amount of their revenue from the Enterprise market. Nevertheless, this segment is still underserved. Mobile
service providers that offer a robust, convenient alternative Read more:Technology
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F.L.A.C 2006-07-23 04:29:00 We all use MP3 files, left and right.... In our mobile phones, in portable players, music systems, and the most popular, in our personal computers. It did bring about a revolution in the world of audio reproduction. 'MP3' compression alogorithms uses the inherent inability of human ear to achieve the high compression ratios. It is a Lossy form of compression, where the reproduction is not exactly same as the source. What if we want a lossless format, having all the fine qualities of original music and still have a lesser size than the original? Read on....FLAC is here...FLACFLAC stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec. It is an upcoming format for audio compression. Unlike codecs such as Vorbis, and MP3 , it is a lossless compression and is suitable for everyday playback and audio storage. It was developed by Xiph.org foundation and is available for FREE under their BSD licence. Its free in the sense, it can be implemented by anyone and the coding/encoding methods are not covered by any
Broad casting to Podcasting! 2006-07-13 09:39:00 We all are familiar with the radio broadcasts. The term 'Broad
casting' means distribution of audio/video signals to a number of recipients. When this broadcasting is done using the Internet the term 'webcasting' is often used. A new technology is emerging utilising a number of existing technologies - The Podcasting
.(i)PodCast ?Podcasting is the distribution of multimedia files over the Internet using formats like the RSS or Atom syndication. The receiver may be a mobile device (phones, PDAs, Laptops) or the computer. The term is said to have originated by combining 'iPod' and 'broadcasting'. But since an iPod is not at all necessary for a reception, the name is a misnomer. A podcast is generally analogous to a recorded mode of broadcast in conventional media.The author makes a file available on the Internet by posting it file on a webserver. The author provider then references it in another file known as the feed. This feed, published in RSS format , provides information, like
Beyond Moore's Law! 2006-07-05 08:55:00 Invariably, everyone in electronics, or for that matter, every technology enthusiast will know about the Moore
's Law. Gordon Moore had predicted long back that the transistor density of semiconductor chips would double roughly every 18 months. More than a couple of decades in, designers have been achieving a steady increase in transistor density. The Moore's law has been chugging on merrily...New conceptsA new class of products called are beginning to emerge in both portable and desktop types of gadgets - based on what is called as System On Chips. All the major Co-s like Intel, AMD are investing heavily on this technology. SOC is basically integration of all components of an electronic system into a single chip. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions – all on one chip. Another variant is the SIP (System In Package) which contains all the IC modules in one package. Because an SIP uses separate chips for its different functions, designs ten
Solid State Disks - A loser? 2006-07-01 17:24:00 One important electronic item works silently when you use your Digital camera, Mobile phone, portable Mp3 player, and even when you boot your PC. SolidState
memories have been around, for sometime. It has come to touch every facet of life. But, will you pay higher just for the higher packing density and increased reliability it offers?SSDA Solid state disk (SSD) is a device that uses memory chips, to store data, instead of the platters found in conventional hard disks. They cant be called a "disk", but called so since they are compatible to conventional disks in any sense. Both SDRAM based and Flash based versions are available. The Flash comes in two shapes - NOR based or NAND based, depending on the logic gates used. These can be rewritten 1 to 5-6 million times, before it starts to give errors due to the tunneling occuring during the read/write cycles. NOR based ones allow random access , while NAND offers semi-sequential access.Since NAND based ones can be packed densly, it has be Read more:Disks
Blue Laser formats - Attack of the clones? 2006-06-24 19:00:00 We dont think much about data formats, when we take our 4.7GB DVD and put it in the player and watch the movie. We are least bothered about the wavelength of the laser used in the drive when hurriedly copying the documents form the DVD-drive in our offices. It was the same when we were happy with the good (old) CDs...RED-BLUEsBlu-ray Disc (BD), is a next-gen disc format developed by Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the leading consumer electronics giants. Current disc technologies (DVD) use red laser to read/write data, while the new format uses a blue-violet laser, and hence the name Blu-ray. The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The other big player is HD-DVD, developed by Toshiba and NEC. Neither BDs nor HD-DVD will work on existing DVD players, but both incorporate laser designs that make them backward compatible. So which one has advantage?HD-DVD scores in the fact that it uses the same form Read more:Laser
Why QoS? 2006-06-18 15:07:00 In the Internet and intranets of today, bandwidth is an important subject. Moreand more people are using the Internet for private and business purposes.The amount of data that is being transmitted through the Internet isincreasing exponentially. Multimedia applications, such as IP telephony andvideo conferencing systems, need a lot more bandwidth than the applicationsthat were used in the early years of the Internet. Whereas traditional Internetapplications, such as WWW, FTP or TELNET, cannot tolerate packet loss butare less sensitive to variable delays, most real-time applications show just theopposite behavior, meaning they can compensate for a reasonable amount ofpacket loss but are usually very critical towards high variable delays.This means that without any bandwidth control, the quality of these real-timestreams depends on the bandwidth that is currently available. Low or unstablebandwidth causes bad quality in real-time transmissions by leading to, forexample, dropouts and
Size does matter - Quantum Dots 2006-06-18 09:08:00 Man's fascination with luminescence began when he was startled by the discovery that otherwise invisible form of enegy can be converted to visible light. Continuous evolution of semiconductor technology resulted in numerous devices making use of this phenomenon. LEDs was a major jump in the race.Quantum dots or Nanocrystals are revolutionary semiconductor with applications yet to be exploited.Its size is just afew nanometers. QDs, also called "artificial atoms" have discrete quantised energy levels, and these can be controlled by changing the size of the Dot. i.e. depending on size, the dots can be “tuned” to emit any colour in the visible spectrum. It has been observed that the smaller the dot, the bluer it is and larger ones lead to redder emmissions.Researchers recently have been successfull in creating a QD-LED that is believed to replace LCDs and start a new trend in consumer electronics. They faced numerous hurdles while using nanotechnology. The solution partially c Read more:matter
On WiMax MAC layer.. 2007-05-28 09:01:00 History ...For years, the wildly successful 802.11x or WiFi wireless LAN technology has been used in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) applications along with a host of proprietary based solutions. Experts reviewed the WLAN technology closely, and it was felt that the overall design and feature set available was not well suited for outdoor BWA applications. The deployment was done with limited capacity in terms of bandwidth and subscribers.WiMax Introduction The IEEE conducted a multi-year effort to develop this new standard, culminating in final approval of the 802.16a. In this standard, the technical details and features that differentiate WiMAX certified equipment from WiFi or other technologies is evident from the the physical (PHY) and the media access control (MAC) layer design. Wireless networks are highly dependent on communications channels, and the channels are dynamic, correlated, unreliable, and very expensive. This is why performance will be highly dependent on how well ra
WiMAX MAC Layer 2007-06-05 01:13:00 The IEEE 802.16 BWA network standard applies the so-called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network reference seven-layer model, also called the OSI seven-layer model. This model is very often used to describe the different aspects of a network technology. It starts from the Application Layer
, or Layer 7, on the top and ends with the PHYsical (PHY) Layer, or Layer 1, on the bottom (see Figure 3.1).The OSI model separates the functions of different protocols into a series of layers, each layer using only the functions of the layer below and exporting data to the layer above. For example, the IP (Internet Protocol) is in Layer 3, or the Routing Layer. Typically, only the lower layers are implemented in hardware while the higher layers are implemented in software.The two lowest layers are then the Physical (PHY) Layer, or Layer 1, and the Data Link Layer, or Layer 2. IEEE 802 splits the OSI Data Link Layer into two sublayers named Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Co Read more:WiMAX
OFDM.. enabling New generation communication standards 2007-06-28 10:22:00 The principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation have been inexistence for several decades. However,its only recently that the techniques have moved out oftext books and researchers benches to modern communication
s systems. OFDM is conceptuallysimple, but the devil is in the details! The implementation relies on very high speed digital signal processing and this has only in the last several years become available at a price that makes OFDM a competitive technology. The advantage of OFDM claims to have is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. OFDM is sometimes called multi-carrier or discrete multi-tone modulation.What is OFDM?The Conventional single-carrier modulation system uses modulation of information onto onesingle carrier, utilizing frequency, phase, or amplitude adjustments of carrier. Frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM) extends this very concept by using multiple subcarriers within the same single channel. The total data is divi
The future of CMOS, High -k materials 2007-08-01 03:17:00 From the cellular phone to the personal digital assistant, miniaturization is omnipresent in our everyday life. In electronics, this trend is translated into Moore's law, which is often state as the doubling of transistor performance and quadrupling of the number of devices every three years. The fundamental building blocks for all computer chips—transistors—have tracked with Moore's Law for forty years. But as transistors shrink, leakage current can increase. Managing that leakage is crucial for reliable high-speed operation, and is becoming an increasingly important factor in chip design. Most everyone has heard that silicon is the material primarily responsible for the miraculous surge in computing power that is reshaping society. That's true, but silicon couldn't have done it alone. The well-known semiconductor's oxide, which chip makers grow or deposit on exposed silicon surfaces, has also played a crucial role.Component densityThe density of components on microcircuits h
WiMAX MIMO Antennas 2007-08-15 23:17:00 IntroductionWireless operators are increasingly pressured to enhance their networks and service capabilities in order to keep pace with the accelerating growth in wireless utilization and increasing demand for high performing connections. As bandwidth intensive, rich media applications are introduced, larger volumes of subscribers consume ever-growing quantities of data packets while continuing to utilize more minutes of voice. Simply acquiring more spectrum channels and deploying more sites to resolve capacity issues can be decidedly inefficient and costly. Revolutionary multiple antenna techniques at the base station and end-user device, paired with sophisticated signal processing, can dramatically improve the communications link for the most demanding application scenarios including heavily obstructed propagation environments and high speed mobility service. Where conventional wireless network design has long used base site sectorization and single, omni-directional antennas at the Read more:WiMAX
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