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Viscerocranium 2008-10-29 04:06:00 ViscerocraniumThe viscerocranium comprises the bones of theorbit, nose, and paranasal sinuses. The superiormargin of the orbit is formed by the frontalbone, its inferior margin by the maxilla and zygomaticbone. The frontal sinus lies superior tothe roof of the orbit, the maxillary sinus inferiorto its floor. The nasal cavity extends from theanterior openings of the nose (nostrils) to itsposterior
Scalp 2008-10-29 04:03:00 ScalpThe layers of the scalp are the skin (includingepidermis, dermis, and hair), the subcuticularconnective tissue, the fascial galea aponeurotica,subaponeurotic loose connective tissue, and thecranial periosteum(pericranium). The hair of thescalp grows approximately 1 cm per month. Theconnection between the galea and the pericraniumismobileexcept at the upper rimof the orbits, the zygomatic arch Read more:Scalp
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 2008-10-29 04:01:00 Autonomic NervousSystem
(ANS)The autonomic nervous system regulates thefunction of the internal organs in response tothe changing internal and external environment.It contains both central and peripheral portions.The skull (cranium) determines the shape of thehead; it is easily palpated through the thin layersofmuscle and connective tissue that cover it.It is of variable thickness, being thicker
Neurocranium 2008-10-28 23:25:00 NeurocraniumThe neurocranium encloses the brain, labyrinth,andmiddle ear. The outer and inner tables of theskull are connected by cancellous bone andmarrow spaces (diploë). The bones of the roof ofthe cranium (calvaria) of adolescents and adultsare rigidly connected by sutures and cartilage(synchondroses). The coronal suture extendsacross the frontal third of the cranial roof. Thesagittal suture
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2008-10-28 23:22:00 Peripheral NervousSystem
(PNS)The peripheral nervous system connects thecentral nervous system with the rest of thebody. All motor, sensory and autonomic nervecells and fibers outside the CNS are generallyconsidered part of the PNS. Specifically, the PNScomprises the ventral (motor) nerve roots, dorsal(sensory) nerve roots, spinal ganglia, and spinaland peripheral nerves, and their endings, aswel
Spinal cord 2008-10-28 23:21:00 Spinal cordThe spinal cord is approximately 45 cm long inadults. Its upper end is continuous with themedulla; the transition is defined to occur justabove the level of exit of the first pair of cervicalnerves. Its tapering lower end, the conus medullaris,terminates at the level of the L3 vertebra inneonates, and at the level of the L1–2 intervertebraldisk in adults. Thus, lumbar punctureshould a Read more:Spinal
Brain 2008-10-28 09:40:00 The forebrain or prosencephalon (supratentorial portion of the brain) comprises the telencephalon (the two cerebral hemispheres and the midline structures onnecting them) and the diencephalon. The midbrain or mesencephalon lies between the fore brain and the hind brain. It passes through the tentorium cerebelli.The hindbrain or rhombencephalon (infratentorial portion of the brain) comprises the po Read more:Brain
Recognition of Nonepileptic Events 2008-10-28 09:28:00 Recognition of Nonepileptic EventsPosted 10/15/2008Mar Carreño, M.D., Ph.D. Abstract and Introduction Abstract Nonepileptic paroxysmal events are behavioral, motor, or sensory episodes that do not result from abnormal cortical electrical activity. They can mimic any type of epileptic seizures including simple partial, complex partial, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Nonepileptic p Read more:Recognition
Common Errors Made in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy 2008-10-28 09:25:00 Common Errors
Made in the Diagnosis and Treatment
of EpilepsyPosted 10/20/2008Andres M. Kanner, MD Abstract and Introduction Abstract Learning from one's mistakes is the best learning tool in medicine and this applies as well to epilepsy. This article is a compilation of some of the frequent mistakes that are made in the evaluation and management of patients with epilepsy. It encompasses Read more:Common
B Cells As Therapeutic Targets In Autoimmune Neurological Disorders 2008-10-28 09:18:00 B Cells As Therapeutic Targets In Autoimmune Neurological
DisordersPosted 10/24/2008Marinos C DalakasSummary and IntroductionSummaryB cells have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune neurological disorders, not only as precursors of antibody-producing cells, but also as important regulators of the T-cell activation process through their participation in antigen present
Inhibition of Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Function: A Promising Strategy for Treating Migraine 2008-10-28 09:15:00 Inhibition of Calcitonin Gene-related
Peptide Function: A Promising Strategy
for Treating Migraine
Posted 10/27/2008Paul L. Durham, PhD Abstract and Introduction Abstract The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine. Serum levels of CGRP, which are elevated during a migraine attack, have been reported to return to no
Reducing Heart Rate in Hypertension Is Harmful -- or Is It Just Atenolol? CME 2008-10-28 09:01:00 Reducing Heart
Rate in Hypertension
Is Harmful -- or Is It Just Atenolol? CME News Author: Lisa Nainggolan CME Author: Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd Release Date: October 24, 2008; Valid for credit through October 24, 2009 Credits Available Physicians - maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ for physicians; Family Physici Read more:Reducing
Ezetimibe Enhances Simvastatin Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia in Teens 2008-10-28 08:54:00 Ezetimibe Enhances Simvastatin Therapy
for Hypercholesterolemia in Teens
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Oct 13 - As a treatment for adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), ezetimibe plus simvastatin is more effective than the latter agent alone in reducing LDL-cholesterol levels, new research shows.Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy is advised for teens with HeFH as st
Left Atrial Volume Index Predicts Risk of First Ischemic Stroke 2008-10-28 08:38:00 Left Atrial VolumeIndex
Predicts Risk of First
Ischemic Stroke
By Will Boggs, MDNEW YORK (Reuters Health) Oct 13 - An elevated left atrial volume index (LAVI) is associated with an increased risk of first ischemic stroke and subsequent mortality, according to a report in the October issue of the Mayo Clinic Proceedings."Left atrial volume is a barometer, a reflection of chronic increase in
Good and Bad News on Hypertension in US 2008-10-28 08:30:00 Good and Bad News
on Hypertension
in USfrom Heartwire — a professional news service of WebMDLisa Nainggolan October 13, 2008 (Bethesda, MD) — A new report looking at hypertension during two time periods 10 years apart has found that more US adults have high blood pressure than ever before. The prevalence has increased from almost 25% during the first period surve
Manual Physical Therapy, Exercise May Improve Neck Pain, Disability 2008-10-27 11:03:00 Manual Physical Therapy
, Exercise
May Improve
Neck Pain, Disability
CMENews Author: Laurie Barclay, MDCME Author: Laurie Barclay, MD DisclosuresRelease Date: October 24, 2008; Valid for credit through October 24, 2009Credits AvailablePhysicians - maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ for physicians;Family Physicians - up to 0.25 AAFP Prescribed credit(s) for physiciansOctober 24, 2008
PARKINSON DISEASE 2008-10-27 09:02:00 PARKINSON DISEASE - Jeffrey F. Minteer, MD BASICS DESCRIPTIONAn adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of the extrapyramidal system characterized by a combination of tremor at rest, rigidity, and bradykinesia· Diagnosis requires therapeutic response to levodopa, which implies normal striatal neurons· Only neurodegenerative disease treatable long term· System(s) Affected: Muscul
PANIC DISORDER 2008-10-27 09:01:00 PANIC DISORDER - Katherine L. Margo, MD; Geoffrey M. Margo, MD, PhD BASICS DESCRIPTIONPanic disorder is a condition of repeated panic attacks of quick onset and lasting usually <1 hour; in some patients the attacks have no obvious precipitant, while in others they have situational precipitants in which the person feels trapped in a setting where escape is difficult (e.g., driving
NICOTINE ADDICTION 2008-10-27 08:59:00 NICOTINE ADDICTION - BrettWhite, MD BASICS DESCRIPTIONHabit of nicotine use characterized by signs of dependence GENERAL PREVENTION· School-based smoking prevention education· Physician advice to quit smoking EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence20-25% of US population smokes. Prevalence70.3 million Americans ³12 years reported current use of tobacco (59.9 million were cigarette smok
NEUROPATHIC PAIN 2008-10-27 08:58:00 NEUROPATHIC PAIN - Jill D.Mahoney, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction.· It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular disorders.· It may reflect the pathologic operation of a dysfunctional ner
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS (TYPES 1 AND 2) 2008-10-27 08:56:00 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS (TYPES 1 AND 2) - Nuhad D.Dinno, MD BASICS DESCRIPTIONThe most common disease of the neurocutaneous syndromes (phakomatoses [1], which includes neurofibromatosis type 1 (1/3,000) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (1/50,000). Although they are named similarly and both are autosomal dominant disorders, they are 2 distinctly different conditions with genes now identified
NEUROBLASTOMA 2008-10-27 08:55:00 NEUROBLASTOMA - Timothy L.Black, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· A neoplasm of neural crest origin that may arise anywhere along the sympathetic ganglion chain or in the adrenal medulla· Staging - Stage 1: Localized tumor with complete resection, with or without microscopic residual disease - Stage 2A: Localized tumor with incomplete gross excision, ipsilateral lymph node negative
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 2008-10-27 08:53:00 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY - Terence S. Edgar, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Inherited progressive diseases of muscle with wide ranges of clinical expression. Includes several forms· Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD): - Extracelluar matrix protein defects à Laminin a2-deficient à Ulrich CMD - Glycosyltransferases (abnormal 0-glycosylation of a-dystroglycan) à
MENTAL RETARDATION 2008-10-27 08:52:00 MENTAL RETARDATION - Sarah Guzofski, MD; Ruben Peralta, MD, FACS BASICS DESCRIPTION· Mental retardation (MR) is defined as an IQ <70 along with limitations in 2 or more of the following areas of adaptive functioning - Communication - Self-care - Home living - Social skills - Community use - Self-direction - Health and safety· Cognitive and adaptive be
MOTION SICKNESS 2008-10-27 08:51:00 MOTION SICKNESS - Courtney Jarvis, PharmD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Not a true sickness, but a normal response to an abnormal situation in which sensory conflict about body motion exists among visual receptors, vestibular receptors, and body proprioceptors. Can also be induced when patterns of motion differ from those previously experienced.· System(s) Affected: Nervous· Synonym(s):
ZINC DEFICIENCY 2008-11-11 03:21:00 ZINC DEFICIENCY - Jeremy Golding, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Condition whose manifestations may involve growth retardation, hypogonadism, cell-mediated immune dysfunction, and skin changes related to decreased zinc levels· System(s) Affected: Endocrine/metabolic; Nervous; Skin/exocrine ALERTGeriatric Considerations· Zinc deficiency may cause poor night vision, leading to falls
WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME 2008-11-11 03:20:00 WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME - PatriciaBorman, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Males affected by this rare X-linked genetic disorder display combined immunodeficiency, microcytic thrombocytosis, and eczema leading to life-threatening infections and bleeding complications. Average life span is 11 years. The syndrome has variable expression. X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT) is a related but mild
WILLIAMS SYNDROME 2008-11-11 03:19:00 WILLIAMS SYNDROME - Gene S.Fisch, PhD BASICS DESCRIPTION· Williams syndrome is an unusual multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder typified by characteristic craniofacial features, mild microcephaly, mild to moderate mental retardation with a distinctive cognitive-behavioral profile, connective tissue abnormalities, growth retardation, supravalvular aortic stenosis, peripheral pulmo
WILMS TUMOR 2008-11-11 03:19:00 WILMS TUMOR - Timothy L.Black, MD BASICS DESCRIPTION· An embryonal renal neoplasm containing blastema, stromal, or epithelial cell types, usually affecting children before age 5 years.· For staging, see "Prognosis" section.· System(s) Affected: Renal/Urologic· Synonym(s): Nephroblastoma ALERTPediatric Considerations· Occurs only in children· Most common renal malignancy in
WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS 2008-11-11 03:18:00 WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS - Christopher M.Wise, MD BASICS DESCRIPTIONA disease characterized by granulomatous vasculitis involving multiple organs. The characteristic "triad" of involvement includes the upper airway (otitis, sinusitis, nasal mucosa), lungs, and kidneys. Other organ systems involved include the skin, joints, and nervous system (peripheral or central).· As the condi
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