Contact Dermatitis
2008-06-07 05:13:58
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory response of the skin that produces skin changes after contact with a specific allergen (allergic contact dermatitis) or irritant (nonallergic contact dermatitis). It is also called a T lymphocyte-mediated dermatitis (type IV hypersensitivity).Specific allergen that cause contact dermatitis in many people include "poisonous" plants such as poison ivy, certain f
NCLEX-CGFNS : Medication Administration
2008-06-06 01:22:20
Things to be remembered that Medication
s are given according to the "five rights"1. Right Patient2. Right Drug3. Right Dose4. Right Time, and5. Right RouteSome references add to that a "Right Documentation" so it becomes "sixth right".When you give medication to the client / patient, you should also check at least three times according to the Five Rights of Medication Administration
.When the medic
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NCLEX - CGFNS : Skin Cancer
2008-06-06 01:21:48
Skin cancer is a malignant lesion of the skin which may or may not metastasize. Skin cancer can be caused by chronic friction and irritation to the skin area and exposure to ultraviolet.Skin cancer can be diagnosed by a skin biopsy that is positive for cancer cell.There is three types of skin cancer: basal cell, squamous cell, and malignant melanoma. Basal cell is the most common type, arises from
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, Cancer
POISON IVY, OAK AND SUMAC
2008-07-03 00:35:27
This is a dermatitis that develops from contact with uroshiol from poison ivy, oak, or sumac plant. Poison ivy, oak and sumac are most common allergy in the country claiming half the population and sensitivity to uroshiol can develop at any time. And a person who contacts with ivy, oak or sumac appears to react slightly different to all the remedies.Assessment :Papulovesicular lesionsSevere itchin
LYME DISEASE
2008-07-11 07:06:33
Lyme disease is a subacute inflammatory disorder caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, a nonpyogenic spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (see image the end of this article), the deer tick bite, in the eastern U.S. and I. pacificus, the western black-legged tick, in the western U.S. Ticks live in wooded area and survive by attaching to a host. And tick nymphs are thought to be resp
Psoriasis
2008-07-20 15:38:29
Psoriasis is a chronic noninfectious skin inflammation involving keratin synthesis that results in psoriatic patches, characterized by the eruption of circumscribed, discrete and confluent, reddish, silvery-scaled maculopapules. The lesions occur predominantly on the elbows, knees, scalp, and trunk.Psoriasis most commonly begins between ages 15 and 35 and it can appear suddenly or slowly.Type of P
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Kaposi’s Sarcoma
2008-08-10 13:13:19
Kaposi’s Sarcoma is a multifocal malignant neoplasm that occur primarily in individuals with a compromised immune system such as AIDS. It is clinically manifested by cutaneous lesions consisting of reddish-purple to dark-blue macules, plaques, or nodules, that seen most commonly in men over 60 years of age.Kaposi’s sarcoma may first appear on the feet or ankles, thighs, arms, hands, or face.
Decubitus Ulcer
2008-09-10 04:52:15
Decubitus ulcer is an impairment of skin integrity when staying in one position for too long without shifting weight. It is also called as bedsore or pressure ulcer. This case often happens when using wheelchair and bedridden. The common places for decubitus ulcer are over bony prominences such as the elbow, heels, hips, ankles, shoulders, back, and the back of the head.The constant pressure agai
Acne Vulgaris
2008-09-08 17:17:32
Acne Vulgaris is a skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and inflamed red pimples. And there are types of lesions include comedones, pustules, papules, and nodules. It requires active treatment for control until it resolves.The exact cause is unknown but may include:Androgenic influence on sebaceous glands,Increased sebum production,Proliferation of propionibacterium acnes,Oil co
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Frostbite
2008-09-05 05:16:12
Frostbite is local tissue destruction resulting from prolonged exposure to extreme cold. In mild cases, frostbite will result in superficial, reversible freezing followed by erythema and slight pain. In severe cases it can be numbness, paresthesia, painless and result in blistering, persistent edema and gangrene. Fingers, toes, nose and ears are the areas often affected.Medical or nursing interve
Impetigo
2008-09-03 17:17:34
Impetigo is a contagious superficial pyoderma, caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or group A streptococci, that begins with a superficial flaccid vesicle that ruptures and forms a thick yellowish crust, most commonly occurring in children.The most common sites of infection are the face, around the mouth, the hands, the neck, and the extremities. The lesions begin as vesicles or pustules surrounde
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Paronychia
2008-08-21 01:48:58
Paronychia is a suppurative inflammation of the nail fold surrounding the nail plate; may be due to bacteria or fungi, most commonly staphylococci and streptococci. It most commonly occurs in middle-aged women and in the client with diabetes mellitus.Person who has paronychia will have painful, redness and swelling around the nailbed, and soreness at nailbed. There may be pus-filled blisters, espe
Inhalation Injuries
2008-09-26 21:50:23
There are four types of inhalation injury that most occurred: Smoke inhalation injury, carbon monoxide poisoning, smoke poisoning, and direct thermal heat injury.Smoke Inhalation InjurySmoke inhalation injury is occurred when the person is trapped in an enclosed, hot, smoke filled space. Patient with smoke inhalation might be have facial burns, erythema, swelling of oropharynx and nasopharynx, fl
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Burn Injury Management
2008-09-20 07:15:57
There are four phases of Burn Injury
Management
: Emergent phase, resuscitative phase, acute phase, and rehabilitative phase.Emergent PhaseIt includes pre-hospital care and emergency room care and begins at the time of injury till the restoration of capillary permeability.Usually 48-72 hours following burn injury.The management is to prevent hypovolemic shock and preserve vital organ functioning.Re
Burn Injuries (Part 3)
2008-09-20 06:41:09
Rule of NinesThis method is used in calculating body surface area involved in burns. Here are Rule of Nines (Adult):Head and nect: 9%Anterior trunk: 18%Posterior trunk: 18 %Arm (9% each): 18%Legs (9% each): 18%Perineum: 1%We can estimate the body surface area on an adult that has been burned by using multiples of 9.For example, if both legs (18% x 2 = 36%), anterior trunk (18%) and both of arm (18
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Burn Injuries (part 1)
2008-09-17 13:37:24
A burn injury is a type of injury that may be caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction.Burn Size:Small burns: Localized burn to the injury area.Large burns: Consist of 25% or more of the total body surface area, and the response is systemic means all of the major systems of the body is affected.Burn Classification by Depth:1. Superficial-thickness BurnIt is simil
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Burn Injuries (part 2)
2008-09-17 13:35:53
Types of Burn Injuries
There are four major types of burns: thermal burns, chemical burns, electrical burns, and radiation burns.Thermal BurnsThermal burns are caused by exposure to flames, hot liquids, steam or any hot objects.Chemical BurnsChemical Burns are caused by contact with strong acids, alkalis, or organic compounds.Electrical BurnsElectrical burns are caused by an exogenous electric shoc
Burn Wound Care: Hydrotherapy and Debridement
2008-10-10 13:26:14
HYDROTHERAPYBurn wound area are cleansed by immersion, showering or spraying and no more than 30 minutes to prevent increased sodium loss through the burn wound, heat loss, pain, and stress. Client should be premedicated before procedure. Bleeding should be minimize and maintain body temperature during procedure.Hydrotherapy generally is not use for patients who are unstable or those with ne skin
Burn Injury Management - Phase
2008-10-04 15:48:43
1. EMERGENT PHASEThe emergent phase begins at the time of injury and ends with the restoration of capillary permeability (fluid resuscitation): 48-72 hrs following the injury. Key point is to prevent hypovolemic shock and preserve vital organ functioning. It includes prehospital and emergency room care.Pre-hospital CareRemove source of the burnAssess airway, breathing, and circulation, Conserve bo
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, Management
Myocarditis
2008-11-04 01:32:19
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the myocardium. Generally myocarditis is due to infection from virus, bacteria, protozoa or helminthes, toxins, systemic disease, radiation, and drugs. The inflammatory process causes edema and damage to the cell of the heart that results in weakening anf the heart muscle and then decreases its contractility. Mycardtis has a 20% to 30 % mortality rate.Signs and S
Pericarditis
2008-11-04 00:53:07
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the layers of the pericardium. It may involve the diaphragm and can be primary or secondary to other disease. Pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart.Pericarditis may result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, immunologic disorders, connective tissue disease, neoplasms, renal failure, myocardial infarction, myocardial injury, radiation, or
Burn Wound Care: Opened Method vs. Closed Method
2008-10-18 13:17:13
Opened Wound CareThe antimicrobial cream is applied every 12 hours and wound is left open to the air without any dressing.Advantages: The wound can easily visualized, easier mobility and joint range of motion, and simplicity in wound care.Disadvantages:Increase chance of hypothermia from exposure.Closed
Wound ClosureGauze dressings are wrapped carefully from the distal to the proximal are of the e
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Burn Wound Care: Wound Closure
2008-10-18 12:27:36
Wound closure of burn area is performed on the fifth to twenty-first day. It is depend on the extent of the burn area. Wound closure can prevent infection and loss of fluid, promotes healing and prevents contractures.There are two types of wound closure techniques: temporary wound covering and permanent wound covering (autografting). Temporary Wound Covering1. BiologicalAmnion:The amniotic membran
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