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Fundal Height Assessment - Prenatal Care 2008-06-19 15:39:56 Fundal Height
assessment is measured to evaluate the fetus's gestational age. Fundal height is measured from the top of the symphysis pubis to the top of the fundus. Height is assessed in centimeters.At 16 weeks, the fundus can be found halfway between the symphysis pubis and the umbilicus. At 20 - 22 weeks, the fundus will be at the umbilicus, and at 36 weeks, the fundus is at xyphoid process. Du Read more:Assessment
COMPLICATION OF PREGNANCY 2008-06-19 15:38:19 ABRUPTIO PLACENTAEAbruptio Placentae is premature detachment of a normally situated placenta. Patient with abruption placentae will have bleeding, abdominal pain, boardlike uterus, maternal hypotension and tachycardia and fetal distress. Nursing managements will include: bed rest, monitor bleeding and shock, monitor fetal heart rate continuously.ECLAMPSIAComplication with seizures between 20th we
Labor: True and False 2008-06-27 03:33:52 There are pleliminary events to labor :BackacheCervix becomes soft and effaced and may begin to dilateBraxton Hicks contraction increaseLightening or droppingMembranes may rupture spontaneouslyVaginal secretions increaseUrinary frequency increasesPassage of mucous plug occursWeight loss of 1 – 3 lb“Bloody show” occursMother has a sudden burst of energyHow to differentiate between true labor
Fetal Presentation 2008-07-16 19:01:25 Fetal position is defined as designation of landmark of fetal presenting part (occiput, mentum, sacrum, scapula) to right or left, and anterior, posterior, or transverse portion of the woman's pelvis.A three-letter abbreviation is used to describe the relationship of the presenting part to the maternal pelvis.Sides of presenting part facing in the pelvis are described as: R (right) or L (left).Lan
Mechanism of Labor 2008-08-02 01:38:03 There are eight classical steps in the normal mechanism of labor as following here:EngagementThis is also called lightening or droppingThe fetus nestles into the pelvisDescentThis process starts from the time of engagement until birth and is assessed by the station.The fetal head undergoes as it begins its journey through the pelvis.FlexionThe fetal head’s nodding forward toward the fetal chestW
Leopold’s Maneuvers 2008-08-10 13:07:13 Leopold’s Maneuvers are methods to determine position, presentation and engagement of fetus.They will include:Determination of what is in the fundusEvaluation of the fetal back and extremitiesPalpation of the presenting part above the symphysis, andDetermination of the direction and degree of flexion of the head.How to Perform Leopold’s ManeuverBefore performing Leopold’s Maneuver, ask the m Read more:Leopold
Breathing in Labor 2008-09-26 22:08:47 Breathing technique during labor and delivery will promote relaxation and oxygenation.FIRST STAGE LABOR BREATHINGCleancing BreathEach contraction begins and ends with a deep inspiration and expiration.Slow Paced BreathingIt is used as long as possible during labor, and promotes relaxationModified Paced BreathingBreathing is shallow and fast, and it is used when slow paced breathing is no longer ef
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring 2008-10-04 13:01:48 Fetal monitoring is the way to displays the fetal heart rate (FHR). Fetal heart rate is monitored in relation to maternal contraction. The baseline FHR is measured between contraction and the normal FHR at term is 120-160 beats per minute. The device that monitors uterine activity can assess frequency, duration and intensity of contractions.There are two types of fetal monitoring: external fetal m Read more:Heart
Anesthesia in Labor and Delivery 2009-01-14 22:49:30 There are five types of anesthesia used in labor and delivery: local anesthesia, pudendal block, lumbar epidural block, subarachnoid (spinal) block, and general anesthesia.Local Anesthesia:It is used for blocking pain during episiotomyIt is administered just before the birth of the babyThe anesthetic has no effect on fetusPudendal Block:It is administered just before the birth of the babyThe anest Read more:Delivery
STAGES OF LABOR – Stage II 2009-01-01 22:59:39 SECOND STAGESecond stage of labor begins with complete dilation and ends with delivery of infantDuration: 30-90 minutes in primipara and 15-20 minutes in multiparaCervical dilation completeUterine contractions occur every 2-3 minutes, lasting 60-75 seconds and the intensity is strongIncrease in bloody showMother feels urge to bear downNursing Interventions:Assess fetal well-being continuouslyMonit Read more:Stage
STAGES OF LABOR – Stage IV 2009-01-01 22:58:27 LAST STAGELast stage of labor begins with delivery of placenta and ends with postpartum stabilizationDuration: usually 1-2 hours after delivery (primipara or multipara)Blood pressure returns to the pre-labor levelPulse is slightly lower than during laborFundus remains contracted, in the midline, 1-2 fingerbeadths below the umbilicusNursing Interventions:Maternal assessment every 15 minutes for 1 h Read more:Stage
STAGES OF LABOR – Stage III 2009-01-01 22:55:47 THIRD STAGEThird stage of labor begins with delivery of infant and ends with delivery of placentaDuration: up to 20 minutes (primipara or multipara)Contractions occur until the placenta is bornPlacental separation and expulsion occurBirth of placenta occurs 5-30 minutes after birth the babyNursing Interventions:Assess maternal signs and uterine statusObserve for placental separationObserve mother Read more:Stage
STAGES OF LABOR – Stage I 2009-01-01 22:38:21 First Stage
The first stage consists of three phases: latent, active, and transition. This stage begins with the first true contraction and ends with complete effacement and dilation to 10 cm.Latent Phase (Early Labor):Duration: 10-12 hours in primipara and 8-10 hours in multiparaCervical dilation is 1 to 4 cmUterine contractions occur every 15-30 minutes and are 15-30 seconds in duration and mild
Fetal Distress 2008-12-10 22:27:51 Fetal distress is a compromise of the fetus during the antepartum period (before labor) or intrapartum period (birth process). It is commonly used to describe fetal hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the fetus).Fetal distress can be detected due to abnormal slowing of labor, the presence of meconium (dark green fecal material from the fetus) or other abnormal substances in the amniotic fluid, or via fe
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome 2008-12-10 22:11:08 Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs when the venous return to the heart is impaired by the weight of the uterus. It results in partial occlusion of the vena cava and descending aorta and in reduced cardiac return, cardiac otuput, and blood pressureSigns and Symptoms:HypotensionFetal distressFaintness, light-headedness, dizzinessNursing Interventions:Place patient in a lateral recumbent positionMoni Read more:Syndrome
Amniotic Fluid Embolism 2008-12-10 22:04:08 Amniotic fluid embolism is the condition in which the amniotic fluid is escaped into the maternal circulation. It is usually fatal to the mother because the debris containing amniotic fluid deposits in the pulmonary arterioles.Signs and Symptoms:Respiratory distress and chest painSeizuresCyanosisHeart failure and pulmonary edemaFetal bradycardia and distressNursing Interventions:Emergency action i
Uterine Inversion 2008-12-10 22:00:08 Uterine inversion is a condition that the uterus turns inside out completely or partly. It usually occurs during delivery or after delivery of placenta.Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Inversion:Severe painHemorrhageDepression in the fundal areaInterior of the uterus may be seen through the cervix or protruding the vaginaNursing Interventions:Monitor for signs of hemorrhage and shock and treat shockP
Placenta Abruptio 2008-12-10 02:13:27 Placenta abruptio is premature separation of placenta from the uterine wall after 20 weeks of gestation and before the fetus is delivered.Signs and Symptoms:Painful vaginal bleeding (dark red)Uterine rigidity and tendernessSevere abdominal painSigns of maternal shockSigns of fetal distressNursing Interventions:Monitor maternal vital signs and fetal heart rateAssess for excessive vaginal bleeding,
Placenta Previa 2008-12-10 01:59:27 Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta implanted improperly in the lower uterine segment near or over the internal cervical os.Types of Placenta Previa:Total: the internal os is covered entirely by the placenta when the cervix is dilated fullyPartial: the internal os is covered incompletelyMarginal: only an edge of the placenta extends to the internal osLow-lying placenta: the placen
Rupture of Uterus 2008-12-10 01:50:32 Rupture of uterus is a separation of the uterine tissue, complete or incomplete. It is a result of a tear in the wall of the uterus from the stress of labor.Signs and Symptoms - Rupture of Uterus:Chest painAbdominal pain or tendernessContraction may stop or fail to progressRigid abdomenSigns of maternal shockAbsent fetal heart rateFetus palpated outside the uterus (complete rupture)Nursing Interve
Preterm Labor 2008-12-07 08:36:25 Preterm labor means the labor that occurs after the 20th week but before 37th week. It may be associated with infection. The contractions occur more frequent than every 10 minutes and last 30 seconds or longer and persist.Signs and Symptoms:Abdominal crampingUterine contractionsLow back painPelvic pressure or heavinessDischarge may be thicker or thinner, bloody, brown or colorless and may be odoro
Precipitous Labor and Delivery 2008-12-07 08:32:01 Precipitous labor means the labor that lasting less than three hours.Nursing Interventions:Provide emotional support to calm motherStay with the motherEncourage the mother to pant between contractionsPrepare for rupturing membranes when the head crownsDo not try to keep fetus from being deliveredInterventions if Delivery
is Necessary:Apply gentle pressure to fetal head upward toward the vagina to
Propalse Cord 2008-12-07 08:29:24 Prolapse cord is displacement of umbilical cord between the presenting part and the amnion or protruding through the cervix. It causes compression of the cord and compromise fetal circulation.Signs and Symptoms:Umbilical cord is visible or palpableMother has feeling that something is coming through the vaginaFetal heart rate is irregular and slowVariable deceleration or bradycardia after rupture
Distocia 2008-12-04 12:31:57 Dystocia means prolonged or more painful labor. It can caused by uterine contractions, the fetus, or the bones and tissue of the maternal pelvis, large fetus, malpositioned, or abnormal presentation.The contraction may be hypertonic or hypotonic. Dystocia can cause maternal dehydration, infection, and fetal injury or death.Sign and Symptoms:Contraction pattern is abnormalAbdominal painFetal distre
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