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Smenkhare and Tutankhamon 2008-01-21 12:16:00 These two very special Pharaohs were possibly brothers or at the very least half brothers and together they mark the transition from and end of the Armana period. However, they both pose a mystery almost as great as that of Akhenaton. There is much physical evidence that pieces together a good mystery regarding Tutankhamon, including his actual body which to any detective is an essential element in the equation. As for Smenkhare we have a body and a tomb but very little else. The young Smenkhare was the Co-regent of Akhenaton after the disappearance of Nefertiti but he reigned for only a few months after the ‘departure’ of his predecessor. The nine-year-old Tutankhamon succeeded him. He was more than likely a very close blood relative, possibly his brother, or at least half-brothe
Akhenaten 2008-01-21 11:55:00 Akhenaten is probably the most interesting of Egyptian pharoahs. He was strange in a number of ways, an oddity that upsets the normal course of Ancient Egyptian history and gives rise to theories that are still being argued about amongst archaeologists. It is not for me to enter this great debate; I merely suggest a scenario that fits as well as any other to the known facts.Akhenaten’s reign (about 1353 BC - 1336 BC) was a hiccup in the great tradition of the pharoahs. For centuries before and after him, little changed in the style of Egyptian art and their beliefs; tradition dictated and the pharoahs followed. Only Akhenaten dared to be different. In his reign art became suddenly more realistic and family-centered. The stiff and formalized depictions that we are so used to in Egyptian a
Apis part 2 2008-01-21 11:50:00 His birthday was celebrated by an annual feast, the natales Apidis, of seven days’ duration, during which it was supposed the crocodiles were innocuous, and a silver cup was thrown on the occasion into a certain part of the Nile, which was considered a flux of Apis. This festival coincided with the rise of the Nile. On the mummy coffins an Apis is often seen on the foot-board of those of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. bearing on the back the mummy of the deceased to the sepulcher. The discovery by M. Mariette of the Seraoeum at Memphis described by Strabo has thrown great light on the worship and history of the Apis, the mode of burial, and the sequence of the bulls. (See SERAPEUM.)The oldest Apis mentioned was one of the reign of Amenophis III., and he was followed in the 18th dynasty b
Apis part1 2008-01-21 11:41:00 APIS, a sacred bull worshipped at Memphis from the earliest period, having probably been introduced into the religious system as early as the 2nd dynasty by the king Kaiechos, who instituted the worship of Apis and the bull Mnevis. His name in hieroglyphs was Hapi, and meant "the hidden," as he had to be discovered amidst the cattle, which was done by certain diacritical marks. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions which accompany his form, he was the second birth or living incarnation of the god Ptah, the Egyptian Hephaestos or Vulcan. Apis is first mentioned and appears in the monuments of the 4th dynasty. The two bulls Apis and Mnevis are considered to have respectively represented the moon and sun, and seem both to have been buried at Memphis.He was supposed to have been born of a
Egypt finds 4 000-yr-old mummy 2008-01-21 11:36:00 Cairo - Egypt
ian archaeologists have discovered the funerary remains of a doctor who lived more than 4 000 years ago, including his mummy, sarcophagus and bronze surgical instruments. The upper part of the tomb was discovered in 2000 at Saqqara, 20km south of Cairo, and the tomb came to light in the burial pit during cleaning work, said state news agency Mena on Tuesday, quoting Egyptian government antiquities chief Zahi Hawass. The doctor, whose name was Qar, lived under the 6th dynasty and built his tomb near Egypt's first pyramid. The 6th dynasty ruled from about 2350 to 2180 BC. Hawass said the lid of the wooden tomb had excellent condition. "The linen wrappings and the funerary drawings on the mummy are still as they were," he said. "The mask which covers the face of the mummy is in a
collosal statue of Ramses II at memphis 2008-01-21 11:34:00 This too is echoed by the immense private tombs found on the Theban West Bank, dated to this period. I have therefore chosen not to use the name "3rd Intermediate Period" and have the Late Dynastic Period immediately follow the New Kingdom. What is called the "Late Period" in most history books, has also become part of this "Late Dynastic Period". During most of the New Kingdom, the wealth and power of the Theban high-priests had slowly increased. It is possible that 18th Dynasty King Akhenaten’s Amarna-revolution was an attempt to break this power. If so, the attempt failed, for a mere 20 years later, the old temples were reopened and the high-priests were reinstated in their offices. Whatever Akhenaten’s motives for his religious revolution, the reinstatement of the traditional cult
famous bust of nefertiti 2008-01-21 11:30:00 famous bust of nefertiti now in the berlin museumThe kings of the Theban dynasty are grouped in the 16th Dynasty. At the same time, the Hyksos pressed on further to the South as well, and after it had been independant for about 20 years, they made an end to the Abydene Dynasty. It would take them another 30 years before they would succesfully end the 16th Dynasty and enforcing their rule upon the entire country. The Hyksos kings, however, were not able to maintain their control over the whole of Egypt, and only a few years after it had been conquered, Thebes again arose as an independent state, and home to the 17th Dynasty. The circumstances that led to Thebes' renewed independance are not clear. A change of power in the 15th Dynasty may hint at some dynastic troubles among the Hyksos, and
Smenkhare and Tutankhamon 2008-01-21 11:26:00 These two very special Pharaohs were possibly brothers or at the very least half brothers and together they mark the transition from and end of the Armana period. However, they both pose a mystery almost as great as that of Akhenaton. There is much physical evidence that pieces together a good mystery regarding Tutankhamon, including his actual body which to any detective is an essential element in the equation. As for Smenkhare we have a body and a tomb but very little else. The young Smenkhare was the Co-regent of Akhenaton after the disappearance of Nefertiti but he reigned for only a few months after the ‘departure’ of his predecessor. The nine-year-old Tutankhamon succeeded him. He was more than likely a very close blood relative, possibly his brother, or at least half-brothe
The Sphinx 2008-01-21 11:24:00 The ancient Egyptian sculpture called The Sphinx is also located on the Giza plateau, and was probably carved at the request of the 4th dynasty pharaoh Chephren or Khafre. The statue is carved out of the native bedrock, and has the body of a lion and (so is believed) Pharaoh Chephren's face. Later the Sphinx became associated with the Egyptian god Harmakhis marketing
Alphabet 2008-01-21 11:21:00 You might imagine that something as simple and basic as the alphabet would have been around forever. But of course it hasn't. As you may well know, the elaborate pictures of Egyptian hieroglyphics and the intricate reed-poked-into-clay marks of Mesopotamian cuneiform used to be the way people communicated in writing. Gradually these were simplified into syllable symbols instead of word symbols, but were still fairly daunting and only a few scholars ever learned to write.We are often told that the Phoenicians invented the alphabet, though some debate this. Regardless of who put pen to papyrus to create it, the Phoenician contribution was none-the-less major and critical. They were the major sea-traders of the Mediterranean, and they went everywhere.Every country which had a seashore se Read more:Alphabet
Ancient Ships & Sea Trade 2008-01-21 11:18:00 The ancient Phoenician boatbuilding skills are not a lost art . . . in fact they are still in use today. Sanford Holst documented this remarkable experience in Lebanon: "When I was in Tyre in 2004, the local boatmaster was just finishing one-and-a-half years of work constructing a boat by hand using the old Phoenician methods described below. It was an absolutely beautiful vessel, and he took the time to tell me about many of the details that went into it. The maiden voyage was to be two days later. On the second day, I was having lunch at the harbor in Byblos -- about 70 miles (115 km) north of Tyre -- and quite incredibly the Phoenician boat sailed directly into the harbor and docked right in front of my table! The crew was as surprised as I was. We happily celebrated their succes Read more:Ancient
, Trade
The legend of Osiris and Isis 2008-01-21 11:15:00 1. The legend of Osiris and IsisOsiris can be equated to someone who intervened from another planet and in some way not only educated, but probably genetically engineered mankind. There is one very special factor that makes man uniquely special amongst all living creatures and that is his ability to communicate with one another through speech. Was it an accident that St. John’ s opening line to his gospel was.... ‘In the beginning was the word and the word was with God and the word was God’! Is this a divine revelation that God was the divine spark that enabled man to achieve that higher level of understanding that linked him to God. 2. The function of Osiris in death Osiris, upon his death, became the judge of the dead and his sister, Isis, whom he married, became the mot
Mummification 2008-01-21 11:11:00 In ancient Egypt when a person died it was important that the body was preserved for the 'afterlife'. Ancient Egyptians believed that the body went on a journey to the stars where they then met their god. It was therefore important that the body was in good condition, mummification was therefore dedicated to the prevention of decay. It is thought that this practice was not immediately mastered but took several generations to achieve such a sophisticated level. The greek historian HERODOTUS (c.450 BC) can provide us with the best explanation to how they achieved such good results, he states: "There are those who are established in this profession and who practice the craft. When a corpse is brought to them they show the bearers wooden model of mummies, painted in imitation of the real thing
the great sphinx 2008-01-21 11:08:00 The Sphinx is perhaps the most mysterious and enigmatic object ever created on Earth. Throughout its history people and princes have placed mystical connotations upon it and psychics and mediums have also expressed the very great significance of this the most ancient sculpture on Earth. The Sphinx is a sculpture and not a building. It was originally carved out of the sandstone of the Plateau of Giza and more than likely had on it the head of a lion. The lion’s head that I have drawn for the cover is not meant as a joke, it really was carved as a lion and the present head replaced the original structure. The evidence to prove this astounding belief is quite simply if the head is that of Kepheren and the Sphinx is infinitely older than the date of his reign, then he must have changed t
the great Pyramid 2008-01-21 11:05:00 This is perhaps the greatest wonder of all time. One only has to stand next to it to wonder who built it and for what reason and indeed why at all in the first place!? 1. Vital statistics of the Pyramid
. The vital statistics of this great edifice are, if you will forgive me yet again for using the term, ‘mind-blowing’! According to the great Egyptologist Champillion, who deciphered the hieroglyphs, he estimated that there were enough blocks to build a wall 10 meters high all the way round France! He also stated that it would have taken the perfect cutting, maneuvering and positioning of three blocks, ranging in weight from two and a half tons to over 16 tons at the top, every minute, without stopping for the entire duration of Khufu’s 22 year reign. Of course he, like ev
Akhenaton 2008-01-21 11:00:00 Akhenaton was the great enigma of the eighteenth dynasty. He ruled Egypt for about 25 years in the middle of the 13th century BC and for a great part of that time had with him his consort the beautiful Nefertiti. What was the enigma of Akhenaton? Why did his reign cause such disruption in the history of Egypt? His reign and the period immediately after it is referred to as the Armana Period. The King’s Court and center of religion was removed from Karnak to Armana a place equidistant between that great city of Amon, the Lord and Giver of Life and Heliopolis, near Cairo the even more ancient center of the worship of Ra. The King’s new religion, the worship of the Aton, was more akin to the solar cult of Ra but it was in many ways different. The king ultimately forbade the worship o
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