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Mask of King Tutankhamun 2008-04-27 16:38:00 Egyptian Museum, Cairo Dynasty XVIII,1347-1237 B।C.This marvelous mask of excellent workmanship protected the head of the mummy of Tutankhamun. Further protection was assured by a magic formula engraved on the shoulders and the back of the mask. The usual Nemes headdress knotted back at the nape of the neck, is a striped blue-green imitating lapis lazuli. The Uraeus and vulture head in gold inlaid with semi-precious stones and colored glass, ornaments the brow. The mask's eyes are made of obsidian and quartz with a touch of red at the corners: the cosmetic lines and the lids are of inlaid blue glass. The divine beard, plaited and turned up at the end, is of cloisonné work (colored glass held in a framework of gold.) The wide necklace collar is formed of rows of lapis lazuli, quartz, ama
Bust of Ramses II 2008-04-27 16:35:00 The most celebrated of all Pharaohs, Ramses II, is well known for the length of his reign, the numerous temples he built and his military campaigns, such as the battle of Kadesh where Ramses II, facing the army of Muwattali, King of the Hittites found himself surrounded by 2500 Hittite Charioteers with only his personal bodyguard to help him. As the enemy closed in around him, Pharaoh leaped into his chariot, tied the reins around his waist to leave his hands free, sent forth a great cry for help to Amun and charged six times against the Hittites, finally breaking through and winning the battle. Ramses II was the son of Seti I and was crowned Pharaoh in 1290 b.c. when he was 18 years old. Ramses II had many wives but the first and favorite chief Queen was Nefertari. Ramses died at the age
Bust of Queen Nefertiti 2008-04-27 16:26:00 Dahlem Museum, Berlin। 1365 B.C. She was the wife of King Akhenaton who ruled from 1379 to 1362 b.c. She was an influential Queen
but she is principally remembered for her personal beauty and the lovely statue that was carved centuries ago. Details of the life of the beauteous Queen are veiled by the mist of time. One of her six daughters was Ankhesenamun, Tutankhamun's wife. Her tomb has never been discovered. Nefertiti's bust was taken out of Egypt under unclear circumstances to be taken to Berlin.
Egyptian Pharaohs 2008-04-27 16:20:00 Egyptian Pharaohs were the Ancient Egyptian secular and spiritual leaders of ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs were responsible for safeguarding the well-being of all Egyptians in ancient times. The term 'Pharaoh' is a Greek interpretation of the Egyptian word Per-aa literally meaning 'Great House'.Pharaoh is a title used to refer to the rulers of ancient Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. The term 'Pharaoh', as in the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, is a Greek interpretation of the ancient Egyptian word Per-aa literally meaning 'Great House', used in the Old Kingdom as part of phrases like 'smr per-Aa' literally meaning 'Courtier of the Great House', with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace itself. From the Twelfth Dynasty onwards the word appears Read more:Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian History 2008-04-27 16:17:00 Before 4000 B.C. Prehistoric period4000 - 3100 B.C. Predynastic Period.3100 B.C. Early Dynastic Period, Dynasty I-II. Unification of Egypt, beginning of Dynastic Period.2686 B.C. Old Kingdom, Dynasty III-VIII. Pyramid age, canons of art established, strong central state.2160 B.C. First Intermediate Period, Dynasty IX-X. Collapse of central authority, period of civil war.2040 B.C. Middle Kingdom, Dynasty IX-XIII. Egypt reunited, period of prosperity and stability.1786 B.C. Second Intermediate Period, Dynasty XIV-XVII. Hyksos invaders from western Asia and Nubians from the south control large sections of Egypt.1558 B.C. New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII-XX. Invaders expelled, Egyptian
military power and influence extend from Nubia in the south to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the northeast. Th Read more:Ancient
, History
Houses of Nubia 2008-04-27 16:07:00 Written by Louis WernerPhotographed by Michael Nelsonhe region of Upper Nubia in Sudan, lying between the Nile’s Second Cataract near the Egyptian border and the river’s distinctive S-bend some 350 kilometers (200 mi) to the south, is a land where the clock ticks to non-Arab time. Within Upper Nubia, north of the Third Cataract near Kerma, where the Mahas district begins and the asphalt and electricity end, Nubian villagers maintain their linguistic and cultural differences with great pride. To be Mahasi means to be a true Nubian, to speak a pure Nubian language and to live in the Nubian heartland.But Mahas was recently spared a project whose benefits would surely have despoiled it, a project aimed dead center at the village of Kajbar at the Third Cataract and the Nubian fields and hom
Coffin, Coffin Board and Mummy of Tahat 2008-04-27 16:02:00 Egypt. Twenty-first Dynasty, ca. 1070-946 B.C. Painted wood, linen, and human remains.1070-946 B.C.This coffin is the most beautiful in the Niagara Collection and one of the finest to be found anywhere in the world। This exquisite coffin belonged to the Lady Tahat, a chantress in the temple of the god Amun at Karnak. Such women were usually of high rank, as this unusually fine coffin indicates. Women served in temples not as priests, but as chantresses, or singers, who presumably played instruments and recited hymns to the gods. On the coffin lid, the lady Tahat is bedecked in a full wig surrounded by protective gods and symbols and adorned with her finest jewelry. The breathtakingly lovely scenes delicately painted on the sides of the coffin depicted mythological scenes and Tahat being Read more:Board
, Mummy
Shawabti of Neferibresaneith, Son of Shepenbastet 2008-04-27 15:59:00 Twenty-sixth Dynasty, c. 664-525 B.C. Faience. Gift of the Atlantes Society by exchange. 1998.11The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was essentially the same as the present life, so that an individual might enjoy the same possessions, people, and privileges in both realms. By the same token, the individual was also subject to the same responsibilities and burdens, such as mandatory labor for the government. An Egyptian was periodically called upon to labor for the state, primarily maintaining the extensive system of irrigation canals. During life, this was expected, though no one wanted to spend eternity performing manual labor. The shawabti figurine provided a magical solution to this problem, acting as a substitute laborer in the afterlife.The figurines, most commonly made of faienc
Face from a Coffin 2008-04-27 15:57:00 Egypt. Early Third Intermediate Period, ca. 1070-712 B.C. Painted wood. 1999.1.145Coffins of the Third Intermediate Period were made out of local soft wood with finer grained, imported wood reserved for carved faces that would be pegged onto the lid of the coffin. The face often survives when the rest of the coffin decays. This example is painted red to equate the deceased with the rising, reborn sun.
Wrapped Mummy with Cartonnage Trappings 2008-04-27 15:50:00 Late Ptolemaic Period, ca. 167-30 B.C. Human remains, linen, cartonnage, paint, gilt. Funded by John A. Manget, 1921.6 In order to enter the afterlife, it was important that the deceased have a proper burial with all the correct rituals and traditional funerary equipment. First, the body had to be preserved through mummification, a process by which it was artificially dehydrated and then wrapped in linen bandages. The invention of mummification may have resulted from the practice of burying bodies directly in the ground during the Predynastic Period. The preservative properties of the hot, desiccating sand may have suggested to the Egyptians that survival of the body was necessary for continued existence in the afterlife. Later, in the Early Dynastic Period, when the body was no longer dir Read more:Mummy
, Wrapped
Egyptian Gods, Goddesses and Mythology 2008-04-27 15:45:00 Isis:Ancient Egyptian
society treated men and women equally. Women participated in the political, economic, and judicial world of ancient Egypt on the same terms as men. This social system reflects Egyptian mythology, where Goddesses played an equal, if not chief, role. The primeval mother figures in the earliest prehistoric Egyptian myths are female. Female deities were kept separate from the males, with their own temples and followers. Egyptian goddesses are also creator deities, and the protectors of the pharaohs in the form of the cobra, vulture, or lioness.In ancient Egyptian mythology, Egypt was created from the Watery Waste of Nun, a chaos god from whose body all things were born. The continuous mission of the daily temple services and strictly followed religious codes was to keep o Read more:Mythology
Pharaoh 2008-04-27 15:41:00 By 3100 BC, Egypt had a centralized government controlled by a line of hereditary rulers. These kings, called pharaohs, kept a royal court of advisors and nobility, and oversaw the governors of the provinces of the kingdom. They were also commanders of the Egyptian army. Even the priests and priestesses who officiated at the complex religious ceremonies and attended on the gods served the pharaohs. The rule of the pharaohs is considered dynastic; it can also be considered absolute in the truest sense of the word. The pharaohs came to be considered as the representatives of the gods on earth and even as gods themselves. [1] Most importantly, it was Pharaoh’s duty to ensure truth and justice. According to Egyptian mythology, Ma’at was the goddess of truth, justice, and order.The most fam
Geography of Ancient Egypt 2008-04-27 15:36:00 Life in ancient Egypt
, “Gift of the Nile,” was centered largely on agriculture. The majority of the people were involved in farming, and the growing season lasted eight-nine months. Wheat, fruits and vegetables were the principal crops, although there was some pastoral farming of cattle, sheep, or goats. Farmers in ancient Egypt worked to reach a level of subsistence so that they could feed themselves and pay their taxes. During the annual flooding of the Nile, which typically lasted from July through November, farming was impossible. But when the waters receded, a thick layer of fertile silt over the farmlands remained to insure rich soil for their crops and thick grasses for their grazing animals.The country of Egypt consisted of two narrow strips of arable land lining either bank of Read more:Ancient
, Geography
Ancient Egypt 2008-04-27 15:29:00 Statue of Memi and Sabu,Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, ca. 2575–2465 B.C. E. The AncientEgypt
ians Egyptian irrigation created one of the first great civilizations
King Akhenaten 2007-11-25 15:00:00 18th DynastyPerhaps the height of Egyptian wealth and power came between 1550 and 1290 BC. The dynasty began with the expulsion of the Palestinian Hyksos rulers from the north of Egypt by King Ahmose I - an event that may have inspired the Biblical story of the Exodus. Carrying forward the momentum of this act, subsequent rulers, in particular Thutmose III, established an empire of client states in Syria-Palestine, and dominions stretching towards the heart of Africa. War booty and lively international trade founded on Egypt's highly productive gold mines made Egypt a major world player.Around 1350 BC, however, King Akhenaten (formerly known as Amenhotep IV - see above) turned Egypt on its head by abolishing all the nation's gods, and replacing them with a single sun-god, the Aten. The new
No title 2007-11-25 14:56:00 Egypt's highest ranking Old Kingdom civil servants were interred at Saqqara, close to Memphis and the temple of Re at Heliopolis.Here the burial chambers were gradually cut deeper until they passed into the bedrock. Lined with wood, their ceilings were topped with a low mound and then surrounded by a low, rectangular mud-brick building known as a mastaba after the Arabic mastaba (low bench).Most mastaba superstructures were filled with storage chambers for grave goods, but this made them vulnerable to thieves. By the end of the 1st Dynasty the superstructure was being reduced in favour of extensive subterranean storage, reached by a stairway. Eventually the mastaba would become a solid, rubble-filled block
Khaefre's pyramid and Sphinx 2007-11-25 14:53:00 Khaefre, Khufu's son, built beside his father's pyramid. His is the smaller pyramid, but as it is built on higher ground, and has a slightly steeper angle, it appears the larger. Today Khaefre's complex is the most complete of the Giza three, while his is the only pyramid to retain some of its upper casing stones.The Great Sphinx crouches beside Khaefre's Valley Temple. This fabulous beast consists of the king's head, 22 times life-sized, perched on a massive lion's body. It is 236ft (72m) long and 65ft (19.8m) tall, making it Egypt's largest statue. As it is carved from a naturally occurring rocky outcrop, covered in places with a stone block veneer, the Sphinx shows differential weathering due to the three limestone strata included in its body.
Egypt Through Other Eyes: 2007-11-07 18:25:00 Egypt Through Other Eyes: The Popularization of Ancient Egypt, presenting more than thirty books from the Museum's Libraries, documents Western fascination with ancient Egypt in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Showcasing many works never before on public view, the exhibition includes rare material from the Museum's Wilbour Library of Egyptology, one of the world's most comprehensive Egyptological research collections.During the nineteenth century, publications on Egypt multiplied as advances in printing technology allowed for the production of larger and cheaper editions of travel literature and history books, as well as newspapers and periodicals. Scholarly publications had an increasing impact on popular culture in Europe and America, especially on architecture, fashion, an Read more:Egypt
photo 2007-11-07 18:13:00 some photo about ancient egyptianAncient Egyptian Military
Development of Pyramids 2007-10-07 09:03:00 Khufu, or Cheops, built his pyramid on the Giza plateau, where he found firm bedrock and a convenient limestone quarry. His pyramid is a work of astonishing size and precision, standing 481ft (146.6m) high, with a slope of 51 degrees 50'. Its sides vary by less than 1.9ft (58cm) and are orientated almost exactly true north. Its base is almost completely level. It has been calculated that the base of the Great Pyramid could accommodate both the UK Houses of Parliament and St Paul's Cathedral with room to spare.The pyramid holds three chambers linked by a system of passageways: the unfinished 'Subterranean Chamber'; the ill-named 'Queen's Chamber'; and the 'King's Chamber', where Khufu was buried in an enormous, plain, red granite sarcophagusTechnorati Profile Read more:Development
The Riddle of the Sphinx 2008-06-18 17:33:00 After 25 centuries the history of the great Sphinx at Giza was so forgotten that many believed it had been placed in its position, as guardian of the pyramids, by the Gods. Indeed, the Sphinx is such an impressive work one, even today, might easily believe it must have been created by supernatural means.The statue, with a man's head and a lion's body, stands 66 feet high and 240 feet long. The hea Read more:Riddle
Alexandria History-3 2008-06-18 17:01:00 Shortly after its capture Alexandria
again fell into the hands of the Greeks, who took advantage of 'Amr's absence with the greater portion of his army. On hearing what had happened, however, 'Amr returned, and quickly regained possession of the city.About the year 646 'Amr was deprived of his government by the caliph Othman. The Egyptians, by whom 'Amr was greatly beloved, were so much dissatisfi Read more:History
Alexandria History-2 2008-06-18 17:01:00 On the mainland life seems to have centred in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both become Christian churches: but the Pharos and Heptastadium quarters remained populous and intact.In 616 it was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia; and in 640 by the Arabians, under 'Amr, after a siege that lasted fourteen months, during which Heraclius, the emperor of Constantinople, did not send a single Read more:Alexandria
, History
Alexandria History-1 2008-06-18 16:58:00 Founded in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great, Alexandria
was intended to supersede Naucratis (q.v.) as a Greek centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Macedonia and the rich Nile Valley. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by Nile mouths. An Egyptian townlet, Rhacotis, alread Read more:History
Alexandria 2008-06-18 16:55:00 The second largest city in Egypt, Alexandria
, known as “The Pearl of the Mediterranean”, has an atmosphere that is more Mediterranean than Middle Eastern; its ambience and cultural heritage distance it from the rest of the country although it is actually only 5 km. from Cairo.
The Great Sphinx -6 2008-06-18 15:54:00 In fact, the sand has been its savior, since, being built of soft sandstone, it would have disappeared long ago had it not been buried for much of its existence.Nevertheless, the statue is crumbling today because of the wind, humidity and the smog from Cairo. The rock was of poor quality here from the start, already fissured along joint lines that went back to the formation of the limestone millio Read more:Great
The Great Sphinx -5 2008-06-18 15:53:00 In the more modern era, when Napoleon arrived in Egypt in 1798, the Sphinx was buried once more with sand up to its neck, at by this point,we believe the nose had been missing for at least 400 years. Between 1816 and 1817, the Genoese merchant, Caviglia tried to clear away the sand, but he only managed to dig a trench down the chest of the statue and along the length of the forepaws. Auguste Marie Read more:Great
The Great Sphinx -4 2008-06-18 15:52:00 This was, as far as we know, one of the very first of the Egyptian sphinxes, though there is at least one other, attributed to Djedefre, that predates it.The rules of proportion commonly employed on later and smaller examples may not yet have been formulated at the time of the carving of the Great
Sphinx of Giza.In any case, the carving of sphinxes was always a flexible formula, to an unusual degr
The Great Sphinx -3 2008-06-18 15:51:00 There is a hole in the top of the head, now filled in, that once provided support for additional head decoration.Depictions of the Sphinx from the latter days of ancient Egypt show a crown or plumes on the top of the head, but these were not necessarily part of the original design.The top of the head is flatter, however, than later Egyptian sphinxes.The body is 72.55 meters in length and 20.22 met Read more:Great
The Great Sphinx -2 2008-06-18 15:50:00 The bedrock body of the Sphinx became a standing section of the deeper limestone layers of the Giza Plateau. The lowest stratum of the Sphinx is the hard, brittle rock of the ancient reef, referred to as Member I.All of the geological layers slope about three degrees from northwest to southeast, so they are higher at the rump of the Sphinx and lower at the front paws. Hence, the surface of this ar Read more:Great
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