Owner: USMLE Library URL:http://blog.usmlelibrary.com Join Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2007 02:31:58 -0600 Rating:0 Site Description: a library for the USMLE Site statistics:Click here
Broad based bud vs. narrow based bud 2007-02-18 09:23:00 Broad based bud vs. narrow based budBroad based bud: blastomycesarrow based bud: cryptococcus neoformans Read more:Broad
Most susceptible part of nephron for tissue hypoxia 2007-02-14 10:59:00 Most susceptible part of nephron for tissue
hypoxiastraight portion of the proximal tubulemedullary segment of thick ascending limb (Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport pump located)
Acute inflammation 2007-02-14 09:27:00 Related MediatorsLocationCalor (heat)histaminearterioles, dilatationRubor (redness)histaminearterioles, dilatationTumor (swelling)histaminevenules, increased permeablilityDolor (pain)PGE2, bradykininFuncio laesa (loss of function)
Biostatistics 2007-02-20 15:59:00 sensitivity = true (+) / all diseasedspecificity = true (-) / all normalPPV = true (+) / all (+)NPV = true (-) / all (-)prevalance = all diseased / total population Read more:Biostatistics
Half-life 2007-02-20 15:47:00 t1/2: half-life = (0.7 x Vd)/CLVd: Volume of distribution= (amount of drug in the body)/(plasma drug concentration)CL: Clearance= (rate of elimination of drug)/(plasma drug concentration)
Tx of peripheral edema based on creatinine clearance 2007-02-20 15:42:00 CrCl (mL/min)Tx of peripheral
edema based on creatinine clearance (CrCl)40thiazidehydrochlorthiazideindapamideK+-sparing diureticsspironolactonetriamterene10loop diureticsfurosemide
Heparin 2007-02-20 14:31:00 Heparinis the most common cause of drug-induced thrombocytopenia
Meperidine 2007-02-20 12:23:00 Meperidineis least likely to cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi
Pharmacologic Tx of depression 2007-02-20 11:55:00 Pharmacologic Tx of depression
TCAsimipramine -> inhibits serotoin, NE reuptakeamitriptyline: anti-cholinergic side effects (postural hypotension, sedation)SSRIsfluoxetineparoxetinesetralineMAOIs: have tyramine food-MAOIs interactionphenelzinetranylcypromineiproniazidisocarboxazidHeterocyclic antidepressants (Atypical antidepressants)trazodone: side effects - substantial sedation, priapismvenlafaxine
H2 blocker inhibits 2007-02-20 08:08:26 H2 blocker
inhibits the action of sucralfatecimetidine inhibits hepatic enzymes that metabolizes warfarinfamotidine does not affect liver metabolism
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 2007-02-21 09:53:00 Henderson-Hasselbalch equationpH = pKa - log[HA/A-]HA: protonated formA-: unprotonated formthe uncharged, lipid-soluble form can be rapidly absorbed.the protonated form is uncharged. Read more:Henderson
Propylthiouracil 2007-02-21 08:48:00 Propylthiouracil inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.T3 is several times more potent than T4.
Side effects of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) 2007-02-21 07:31:00 Side effects of Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) - an anthracycline antibioticcardiomyopathy -> CHF, pulmonary edema, rales. esp. inage > 70cardiac irradiationunderlying heart disease or hypertensioinreceived cyclophosphamidealopeciaBM suppression
Cimetidine 2007-02-21 06:26:00 Cimetidine- an H2 blocker- side effects in long term usebowel habit changeheadachedizzinessskin rashesloss of libidogynecomastiaalteration of hepatic metabolism of several drugs(Famotidine does not have the side effects of cimetidine)
Hepatic metabolisms of drugs 2007-02-21 05:21:00 Hepatic metabolisms of drugsPhase I metabolismby cytochrome P450less efficient in elderly, liver failurePhase II metabolismconjugationBenzodiazepines which undergo phase II metabolism only.Oxazepam (does not require phase I metabolism)Lorazepam (does not require phase I metabolism)
Some anti-hypertensive agents 2007-02-21 04:34:04 ACEIs (captopril, ...) are recommended for the Tx of hypertension in diabetic patients, esp. with renal complicationsBeta 1 blockers (atenolol, ...) can block the appearance of the normal signs & symptoms of hypoglycemia.Thaizide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, ...)are commonly associated with hyperuricemiadecrease urinary secretion of calcium (inhibit Na+/Cl- cotranspot in the distal convoluted tubule & promote the reabsorption of calcium)Minoxidil - a direct acting vasodilator - is commonly used in the Tx of severe refractive hypertension due to the profound side effects
Potassium 2007-02-21 04:09:28 Potassium is responsible formaintenance of intracellular tonicitytransmission of nerve pulsescontraction of musclemaintenance of renal functionnormal blood level of potassium: 3.5 ~ 5.0 mEq/LIn hypokalemia,muscular weaknessparalysismental confusion
Pharmacologic Tx of seizures 2007-02-22 04:52:57 AnticonvulsantsIxAdvers effectsPhenytoingrand mal seizuretonic-clonic seizurediplopiagingival hyperplasiahirsutismnystagmussedationataxiaenzyme inductionCarbamazepinetonic-clonic seizurepartial seizurestic douloureuxdiplopiaataxiaenzyme inductionblood dyscrasiasEthosuximideabsence seizure onlyGI distressheadachelethargyPhenobarbitalgrand mal seizurepartial seizuresedationenzyme inductiondependenceValproic acidall types of seizure(esp. myoclonic seizure, petit mal seizure)GI distresshepatotoxicityinhibition of drug metabolism
Pharmacologic Tx of hypertension 2007-02-22 04:31:05 Pharmacologic Tx of hypertensionACEIsblocking conversion of angiotensin I to IICCBs (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem)blocking calcium entry into cells -> inhibiting vascular smooth m. contractionCentrally acting sympatholytics (clonidine)blocking adrenergic receptors in the brain -> reducing sympathetic outflowNitrates (nitroglycerin)release nitric oxide in smooth m. cells -> stimulating guanylate cyclase -> increase in cGMP -> smooth m. relaxation & vasodilationThiazides (hydrochlorothiazide)act on early distal tubule
Adverse effects of niacin (nicotinic acid, Vitamin B3) 2007-02-22 04:17:23 Adverse effects of niacin (nicotinic acid, Vitamin
B3)generalized flushing, sensation of facial warmthhepatotoxicitytachycardiahypoalbuminemiahyperglycemianausea, vomitinghyperuricemiaglucose intolerancepruritiuspeptic ulcer diseasedry skin Read more:Adverse
Congestive heart failure (CHF) 2007-02-22 03:59:59 Major criteria for Dx of CHFparoxysmal nocturnal dyspneaneck vein distensionralescardiomegalyacute pulmonary edemaS3 gallopincreased venous pressure (> 16cmH2O)positive hepatojugular reflexAdaptive mechanism for compensationincreasing pre-loadmyocardial hypertrophyredistribution (from nonvital organs to vital organs)neurohumoral adjustmentsTxACEIs - standard therapyprotective effectsvasodilationblocking the detrimental neurohormonal activityFurosemide, hydrochlorothiazidefurosemide: 1st-line agentedema assiciated with CHF, hepatic cirrhosis, renal diseasehypertensionverapamil: a CCBTx of hypertension, arrhythmiaContraindicated in Tx of CHF due to strong negative inotropic effect Read more:failure
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