Owner: USMLE Library URL:http://blog.usmlelibrary.com Join Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2007 02:31:58 -0600 Rating:0 Site Description: a library for the USMLE Site statistics:Click here
Indirect-acting Sympathomimetics 2007-02-23 15:12:39 Indirect-acting Sympathomimetics(Meth)amphetamine:increase CNS dopamin release -> reinforcing effects (reward system)induction of NE release -> systemic effects (e.g., hypertension)increase serotonin releaseweakly inhibits MAO -> weakly blocks the metabolism of catecholaminesCocaine:increase CNS dopamin releaseBlocking NE reuptake-> increase BP, HR Read more:Indirect
Antidotes for overdoses 2007-02-24 07:27:09
Overdoses
Antidotes
Mechanism
Benzodiazepines
(midazolam, ...)
Flumazenil
Beta blocker
Glucagon
Opioid
Naloxone
Cyanide
Nitrite
Heparin
Protamine
Acetaminophen
N-acetylcysteine
AchE inhibitors(organophosphates like parathion)pralidoximeAchE reactivationAtropinea nonselective muscarinic antagonistinhibits Ach stimulation on muscarinic receptorsAntimuscarinicphysostigmainecarbamylating AchE inhibitionIronDeferoxaminechelationArsenicDimercaprolchelationMercuryDimercaprolchelationGoldDimercaprolchelationLeadDimercaprol + EDTA
Epinephrine reversal 2007-02-25 17:42:00 Epinephrine reversalEpinephrine, originally increases BP, produces opposite effect after phentolamine administration
Trihexyphenidyl 2007-02-25 16:38:00 Trihexyphenidyla muscarinic antagonistadjunctive therapy in Parkinson's diseaseimproves tremor, rigidity(little effect on bradykinesia)Side effects: by blocking parasympathetic tonedry mouth
Side effects 2007-02-25 15:16:00 Drungs Mechanism Side effects Captopril an ACEI dry cough headache diarrhea fatigue nausea dizziness Aspirin an NSAID increased bleeding time GI bleeding tinnitus Warfarin an oral anticoagulant bleeding fetal bone defects Metoprolol a beta 1 antagonist hypoglycemia peripheral vasoconstriction CNS side effec
Piperidines 2007-02-25 15:10:00 Piperidines: does not cross BBB, does not cause sedationterfenadineastemizoleloratadine
Drugs which potentiate the effects of warfarin 2007-02-25 14:07:00 Drugs which potentiate the effects of warfarinby decreasing the metabolism of warfarinMacrolideserythromycinmetronidazolesulfonamideNorfloxacincephalosporins with methyltetrazolethiol side chaincefazolincefmetazolecefoperazone(large IV dose of penicillin) Read more:Drugs
Treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma 2007-02-25 12:45:00 Treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Nitrogen mustards (ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide)Complication of nitrogen mustardshemorrhagic cystitissudden onset of dysuria, frequencybacteriuria (-)gross hematuriabladder obstruction by blood clotsPrevention of hemorrhagic cystitismesna - reacts with urotoxic metabolites from nitrogen mustards Read more:Treatment
Local anesthetics 2007-02-25 11:42:00 Local anesthetics
EstersAmides
procainechloroprocainebenzocainecocainetetracaine
mepivacainelidocainebupivacaineetidocaineprilocaineropivacaine
Read more:Local
Loading dose vs. Maintenace dose 2007-02-25 06:35:39 Loading dose= Cp x Vd / FCp: Plasma concentratioinVd: Volume of distributionF: BioavailabilityMaintenace doseadminister the cleared amount (typically every half-life)= Cl x Cpss / FCl: ClearanceCpss: plasma concentration at steady stateF: Bioavailability (100% when administered IV) Read more:Loading
Drugs which have effects on AV conduction 2007-02-26 05:20:00 DrugsMechanismAV conductionDigitalisparasympathomimetic actionsdecreasesQuinidinecentrally decreases vagal toneincreasesNicotinestimulates
sympathetic autonomic gangliaadrenal medulla
increasesAtropineblocks cardiac muscarinic receptorsincreasesNEstimulates cardiac beta receptorsincreases Read more:Drugs
Fibromyalgia (fibrositis) 2007-02-26 04:53:00 Fibromyalgia (fibrositis)Sxage 20~50wide spread chronic musculoskeletal pain that improves with exercisechronic fatigueheadacheSignspainful trigger points on trapezius, lateral epicondyleno signs of inflammationnormal lab findingsTxTCAs (amitriptyline, ...)Skeletal m. relaxants (cyclobenzaprine, ...) Read more:Fibromyalgia
Parkinson's disease 2007-02-26 04:33:31 Parkinson's disease
Sxresting tremor (decreases with active movement)expressioinless facesoft voicecogwheel rigidityslightly stooped postureslow, shuffling gaitTxLevodopa:a dopamine precursor that increases circulating dopamine levels in the striatummost effective. Selegiline (deprenyl):slows the breakdown of dopamine -> prolongs the clinical effects of levodopa.Selegiline inhibits MAO-B which metabolizes dopamine(MAO-A metabolizes NE & serotonin)Benztropine:a muscarinic antagonistmaintaining the balance of cholinergic & dopaminergic neurotransmission in the neostriatumimproves tremor & rigidity(little effect on the bradykinesia)Trihexyphenidyla muscarinic antagonistadjunctive therapy in Parkinson's diseaseimproves tremor, rigidity(little effect on bradykinesia)Side effects: by blocking parasympathetic tonedry mouth Read more:Parkinson
Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis 2007-03-02 10:32:49 Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosiscorticosteroidscyclophosphamidecomplicatioins of cyclophosphamidehemorrhagic cystitis (can be prevented by mesna)transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Read more:Treatment
Common pathogens and manifestations 2007-03-02 10:23:28
Disease
Pathogen
Manifestation
Cholera
Vibrio cholera
"rice-water" diarrhea
Typhoid fever
S. typhi
"rose spots" on abdomen
Kawasaki disease
Unknown
"strawberry tongue"
Scarlet fever
Group A streptococcus
"strawberry tongue"
Read more:Common
Common side effects 2007-03-02 08:43:41
Drug
Mechanism
Ix
Side Effects
Quinidine
antiarrhythmicsatrial fibrillationventricular arrhythmias
cinchonismtinnitusblurred visionGI upsetdelirium
Allopurinol
gout
rashfever
Hydralazine
a vasodilatorhypertension
tachycardiaheadachenauseaa lupus-like syndrome
Niacin
hyperlipidemia
flushingpruritus
Spironolactone
a K+ sparing diureticblocks aldosterone effects
hyperkalemiagynecomastia
Sumatriptan
serotonin 1D agonist
migraine headachecluster headache
Trazodone
antideprressant
Read more:Common
Cycloplegia 2007-03-02 02:47:14 Cycloplegiaparalysis of the cilliary muscle -> resulting in loss of accomodation
Actions of receptors 2007-03-03 04:52:57 Receptors related G proteins Actions
α 1 adrenergic receptors via Gq activate phosphlipase C -> activates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate -> IP3 + DAG IP3 -> endoplasmic reticulum intracellular Ca++ release DAG -> activates protein kinase C β 1 adrenergic receptors via Gs stimulate adenylate cyclase -> increases intracelluar cAMP Dopamine-1 receptors via Gs stimulate adenylate cyclase -> increases intracelluar cAMP Muscarinic-2 receptors via Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase -> decrease intracelluar cAMP Muscarinic-2 receptors
USMLE Library Bookmarks 2007.03.05 2007-03-05 07:00:17 USMLE LibraryBookmarks
2007.03.05bookmarks.usmlelibrary.comAssociations WMA- The
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Disulfiram-like reaction caused by metronidazole 2007-03-07 14:59:00 Disulfiram-like reaction
caused by metronidazolealcohol + metronidazolenauseavomitingsweatinghyperventilationtachycardiachest paindyspneahypotensionblurred visionfacial flushingcan occur.
Side effects of tetracycline 2007-03-07 14:45:00 Side effects of tetracyclinephotosensitivitymild epigastric distressmild dizziness
H. pylori eradication 2007-03-07 14:17:24 H. pylori eradicationmetronidazolebismuth subsalicylateomeprazoletetracycline or amoxicillin
Clonidine 2007-03-07 14:09:51 Clonidinea centrally-acting anti-hypertensive agentIxhypertensionprophylaxis of migrainesameliorationg symptoms of alcohol, tobacco, opiate, benzodiazepine withdrawalattention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
Acute interstitial nephritis 2007-03-07 10:59:00 Acute interstitial nephritisdue to a hypersensitivity reactionimplicated drugsNSAIDs (ibuprofen, indomethacin)beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalothins, methicillin)sulfonamidesdiuretics (furosemide, thiazides)phenytoincimetidinemethyldopaSymptoms & signsdevelopment of ARFfevera maculopapular rasheosinophiliaperiorbital edemawheezing
Tx of gout 2007-03-07 10:46:00 Colchicineinhibiting leukocyte migration & phagocytosis secondary to an effect on microtubule assemblyreduces the inflammation caused by the monosodium urate crystalsAspirincompetes with uric acid for tubular secretiondecreasing urinary urate excretion & rasing serum uric acid levelsAt high doses (> 2 g/day), aspirin is a uricosuric.Allopurinolinhibits xanthine oxidase (the enzyme that forms uric acid from hypoxanthine)should be begun 1-2 weeks after acute attack has subsidedProbenecid, sulfinpyrazoneuricosuric agentsincreasing urinary excretion of uric aciddecreasing serum uric acidshould be begun 1-2 weeks after acute attack has subsided
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