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DISCRIPTION OF APPLICATIONS 2008-03-09 20:42:00 ToolsBefore you can make something, you have to have the tools. For this reason, this category has the greatest number of established companies. By tools we mean the collection of technologies that allow us to see, manipulate and engineer at the atomic level.STMs. It is now twenty years since the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented, allowing us to see atoms for the first time. The STM works by detecting small currents flowing between the microscope tip and the sample being observed (the current flows because of quantum mechanical tunneling).AFMs. Five years later a device with similar capabilities, the atomic force microscope (AFM), was invented, which has a tiny probe on the end of a cantilever (like a springboard). The probe makes contact with the surface of the sample and,
APPLICATION OF NANO 2008-03-09 20:42:00 Probably the two most useful ways of organizing the nanotech world are through the technology, i.e. what is being made, and through applications, i.e. where these products will find a home. For our concise introduction, we use a mixture: Ø ToolsØ MaterialsØ DevicesØ Techniques for Building Nanoscale StructuresØ Electronics and Information TechnologyØ Life SciencesØ Power and Processes and the EnvironmentAny attempt to categorize the world in such a crude way is necessarily imperfect and there will always be certain technologies that span groups or do not fit neatly into one or the other. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology means that is difficult to separate advances in, for example, tools, from their effect on life sciences.
MICROSCOPIC MACHINES 2008-03-06 09:55:00 The size of our own cells or smaller could travel around the body, collecting information about what is wrong and then doing whatever molecular surgery is necessary to fix the problem. Viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells could be precisely identified and removed, without disturbing healthy tissue. Military applications that are considered are of course mainly warfare. Molecular manufacturing will make it possible to produce massive amounts of conventional weapons very quickly and cheaply. The micromachined clock source, conventional integrated circuits, and other micromachined elements can be built simultaneously to form a complete "systems on a chip," which if mass produced could yield dramatic reductions in price and increases in reliability, Smith says. Hundreds to thousands can be buil
INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008-03-04 12:05:00 Nnotechnology is the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale. A nanometer is a very small measure of length- it is one billionth of a meter, a length so small that only three or four atoms lined up in a row would be a nanometer. So, nanotechnology involves designing and building materials and devices where the basic structure of the material or device is specified on the scale of one or a few nanometers.Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the realm of 1 to 100 nanometers. (For reference, a piece of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.) At the nanoscale, matter functions differently from both the individual atomic and macroscopic scales, so some unique properties are available for use in the field.The scientific community, in its never ending quest for informati
cell phones belongs to nanotenchnology 2008-03-04 11:23:00 A concept cellphone developed by the Finnish company Nokia and the University of Cambridge. The Morph phone doesn't exist -- yet -- but there are images of how it might function at an exhibit in New York's Museum of Modern Art called "Design and the Elastic Mind." If you can negotiate the eccentric, Flash-based navigation, you can check out the hundreds of entries. Some are funny, some poignant, some silly, some bizarre and some that look as if they might become really useful someday. Right now the Morph phone is a concept, but it is based on real technologies. It makes extensive use of nanotechnology. "Nano" comes from the Greek word for "dwarf," and a nanometer is a unit of length, equal to one-billionth of a meter. According to Jennifer Kahn, writing for National Geographic, a nanometer
HOW TO START 2008-02-21 07:55:00 First we know about the how to start the mobiles. The following steps helps you...INSTALL SIM card and battery: Always switch the device off and disconnect the charger before removing the battery. Keep all SIM cards out of the reach of small children. For availability and infomation on using Sim cards services, contacts your SIM cards vendor. This may be the service provider , network operator , or other vendor. To remove the back over of the phone,1.push the back cover release button2.Detach the back cover away from the phone3.Remove the battery4.Open the SIM card holder5.Insert the SIM card properly into the holder6.Close the SIM card holder7.Replace the battery8.Slide the back cover into its plac
NANO PARTICLES 2008-03-12 10:49:00 Examples: Stain-repellent Eddie baur nano care ibers of 10 to 100 nanometers, uses a process that coats each fiber of fabric with "nano-whiskers." Developed by Nano-Tex, a Burlington Industries subsidiary. Dockers also makes khakis, a dress shirt and even a tie treated with what they call "Stain Defender", another example of the same nanoscale cloth treatment. Impact: Dry cleaners, detergent and stain-removal makers, carpet and furniture makers, window covering makers .... See Nano-tex nual sales of aqueous polymer dispersion products amount to around $1.65 billion. All of them contain polymer particles ranging from ten to several hundred nanometers in size. Polymer dispersions are found in exterior paints, coatings and adhesives, or are used in the finishing of paper, textiles and leather
NANOTECHNOLOGY MILESTONES 2008-03-10 08:48:00 1959Feynman delivers “Plenty of Room at the Bottom”Richard Feynman postulates that we can someday manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He states, “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big." This is often seen as year zero for nanotechnology because of the breadth and depth of Feynman's vision and the inspiration it gave to many, but there is no doubt there was nanotechnology before this and it would have developed as it has anyway, although maybe a little slower.1974First molecular electronic device patentedAviram and Seiden of IBM file the first ever pat
NANO CLAYS 2008-03-14 00:10:00 Used in packaging, like beer bottles, as a barrier, allowing for thinner material, with a subsequently lighter weight, and greater shelf-life. Impact: $480B packaging and $300B plastics industries. Reduced weight means transportation costs decline. Changing from glass and aluminum - think beer and soda bottles - to plastic reduces production costs. Nanoclays help to hold the pressure and carbonation inside the bottle, increasing shelf life. It is estimated that beer in these containers will gain an extra 60 days (from 120 to 180) of shelf life, reducing spoilage, and decreasing overall costs to the end user. Nanocor is one company producing nanoclays and nanocomposites, for a variety of uses, including flame retardants, barrier film (as in juice containers), and bottle barrier (as shown ab
NANO WHERE ARE USES 2008-03-14 00:10:00 400 consumer products already in market place Projects on emerging Nano Technology. Computer Chips Automobile parts Clothing Cosmetics Dietary supplements Construction Industry 600 raw material, immediate components, etc. Longer life? Unusual properties at nano level?Work on Green Nano Technology Read PatentsDevelop center for excellence in colloid Chemistry Surface chemistry Material Science Medical / Pharmaà 21st Century belongs to IndiansHelp the world to make a transition to SustainableLife Cycle Technologies.
nano in medical 2008-03-15 23:07:00 Come up with cures and treatments for such disease as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. The fight against cancer traditionally involves radiation or chemotherapy. Such efforts, however, are hard on the patient, because the radiation and chemotherapy treatments adversely effect other non-cancerous systems in the body. Scientists are thus looking at ways to treat cancerous tumors without effecting surrounding areas in the body. A first way this is being attempted is through the use of nanoshells. Such nanoshells are made of a material such as gold, and are inserted into the body. These gold nanoshells enter into cells throughout the body, and are inert or safe. But, when light of a certain wavelength is shined into the body at a precise location, the nanoshells at that location will heat Read more:medical
nano in robotics 2008-03-31 14:36:00 Robotics & AutomationAbstract –This paper introduces a switching command-based whole-body operation method for humanoid robots. Humanoid robots are biped machines possessing multiple degrees of freedom (DOF). Due to the complexity of their multi-DOF structure, and the difficulty in maintaining postural stability, whole body operation of humanoid robots is fundamentally different from traditional fixed-base manipulators or stable-base mobile manipulators. By studying the shifts in locus of attention between human body joints during task execution, we develop a switching command-based operation method that allows the operator to select only the necessary points of the humanoid robot’s body for manipulation. Whole-body motion satisfying the desired movements of the selected points is
INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADS 2008-04-12 08:44:00 How many instructions per clock cycle?A key differentiator among processor architectures is how many instructions are issued and executed per clock cycle. The number of instructions executed in parallel, and the amount of work accomplished by each, directly affect the processor’s level of parallelism, which in turn affects the processor’s speed. Historically, DSP processors have issued only one instruction per clock cycle, and have achieved parallelism by packing several operations into each instruction. A typical DSP processor instruction might perform a multiply-accumulate (MAC) operation, load two new data operands into registers, and incrementthe address pointers.In contrast, high-performance general-purpose processors, such as the Intel Pentium and Motorola PowerPC, usually achiev
DSP Apps Get Bigger, Hungrier 2008-04-12 08:44:00 In the mid 1990s, several developments began to push DSP processor architectures in new directions. Perhaps most important among these trends, more and more applications began to incorporate DSP functionality and the demand for processors with DSP capabilities skyrocketed.Some of these new applications hungered for processing speeds beyond that available from traditional DSPs. Cell phones and telecom infrastructure emerged as “killer apps” for DSPs, and their signal processing workloads included some algorithms that bore very little resemblance to filters or FFTs, such as Viterbi decoding and unpacking bit streams. As DSP applications began to get bigger and more complicated, programming in assembly language became more than just annoying—it was starting to become a crippling limitat
MEMORY ARCHITECTURE 2008-04-12 08:44:00 Another highly visible difference between DSP processors and GPPs lies in their memory structure. Neumann memory architecture. In the von Neumann architecture, there is one memory space connected to the processor core by one bus set (an address bus and a data bus). . The von Neumann architecture is not a good design for DSP, however, because typical DSP algorithms require more memory bandwidth than the von Neumann architecture can provide.Although most DSP processors include the arithmetic hardware necessary to perform single-cycle MACs, they wouldn’t be able to realize the goal of one tap per cycle using a von Neumann memory structure; the processor simply wouldn’t be able to retrieve samples and coefficients fast enough. For this reason, instead of a von Neumann architecture, most DS
Performance through parallelism 2008-04-12 08:44:00 Digital signal processors are key components of many consumer, communications, medical, and industrial products. DSP processors have fast multiplier hardware, explicit multiply instructions, and multiple bus connections to memory to retrieve multiple data operands at once. General purpose processors typically lack these specialized features and are not as efficient at executing DSP algorithms. For any processor, the faster its clock rate or the greater the amount of work performed in each clock cycle, the faster it can complete DSP tasks. Higher levels of parallelism, meaning the ability to perform multiple operations at the same time, have a direct effect on a processor’s speed, assuming that its clock rate does not decrease commensurately. Read more:Performance
ADVANCED DSP PROCESSOR 2008-04-12 08:44:00 ABSTRACT:Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is one of the fastest growing fields of technology and computer science in the world. In today's world almost everyone uses DSPs in their everyday life, but unlike users of PCs almost no one knows that they are using DSPs. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) are special purpose microprocessors and they are used in every form of electronic product, from mobile phones, modems and CD players to the automotive industry; medical imaging systems to the electronic battlefield and from dishwashers to satellites.. As microprocessor fabrication processes have become more sophisticated, the cost of a microprocessor capable of performing DSP tasks has dropped significantly to the point where such a processor can be used in consumer products and other cost-sensitiv
APPLICATION 2008-04-13 22:13:00 Biometrics is a rapidly evolving technology, which has been widely used in forensics such as criminal identification and prison security. Recent advancements in biometric sensors and matching algorithms have led to the deployment of biometric authentication in a large number of civilian applications. Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks. It can be used during transactions conducted via telephone and Internet (electronic commerce and electronic banking). In automobiles, biometrics can replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition.
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION 2008-04-13 22:13:00 Large volumes of fingerprints are collected and stored everyday in a wide range of applications including forensics, access control, and driver license registration. An automatic recognition of people based on fingerprints requires that the input fingerprint be matched with a large number of fingerprints in a database (FBI database contains approximately 70 million fingerprints!). To reduce the search time and computational complexity, it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate and consistent manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of the fingerprints in the database.Fingerprint classification is a technique to assign a fingerprint into one of the several pre-specified types already established in the literature, which can provid
BIOMETRICS 2008-04-13 22:13:00 Biometrics is automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric technologies are becoming the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming apparent.Biometric-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security. Trust in these electronic transactions is essential t
SPEAKER VERIFICATION SYSTEM 2008-04-13 22:13:00 The face retrieval problem, known as face detection, can be defined as follows: given an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face it contmany applications in which human face detection plays a very important role: it represents the first step in a fully automatic face recognition system, it can be used in image database indexing/searching by content, in surveillance systems and in human-computer interfaces. It also provides insight on how to approach other pattern recognition problems involving deformable textured objects. At the same time, it is one of the harder problems in pattern recognising. An inductive learning detection method has been designed that produces a maximally specific hypothesis consistent with the training data. Three differ
OVERVIEW OF BLUETOOTH 2008-04-17 09:58:00 What is Bluetooth?Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology standard using short-range radio links, intended to replace cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth is an always-on, short –range radio hookup that resides on a micro-chip. It was intended to create PAN. It was initially developed by the Swedish mobile-phone maker Ericsson in 1994 and was named after Harald Blaatand ‘Bluetooth’ II, the king of Denmark (940-981 AD). It led a way to let laptop computers to make calls over a mobile phone. Bluetooth is a standard for a small, cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc. It was designed to replace cables by taking the information normally carried by the cable, and transmitting it at a special frequency to a rec
ARCHITECTURE 2008-04-17 09:58:00 The ‘core protocols’ form a five-layer stack consisting of the following elements:· Radio: Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power.· Baseband: Concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing, and power control.· Linkmanager: Responsible for link setup between Bluetooth devices and ongoing link management. This includes security aspects such as authentication and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of base band packet sizes.· Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP): Adapts upper-layer protocols to the base band layer.L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented services.· Services discovery protocol (SDP): Is device
BLUE TOOTH 2008-04-17 09:58:00 ABSTRACT:Down the ages man has been struggling for the very survival to get the best of the things that would make him luxurious and also quite comfortable in his living. Many technologies were introduced which on the long run turned to be very fruitful to him. The newly emerging technology that is a boon in the communication is the “BLUETOOTH”.The convergence of computing and communications has led to the development of Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45GHz ISM frequency band to function on a worldwide basis. The interface consists of hardware using ICs, a radio frequency chip, and a base band chip. This paper lays emphasis on the basic concepts behind the Bluetooth technology, how it works in the various fields of the communication. Its Archite
HISTORY 2008-04-19 23:03:00 lAnother ingenious method was to shave the head of a messenger and tattoo a message or image on the messengers head. After allowing his hair to grow, the message would be undetected until the head was shaved again.lAnother common form of invisible writing is through the use of invisible inks. Such inks were used with much success as recently as WWII.lEmbedding data, which is to be hidden, into an image requires two files.lThe first is an innocent looking image that will hold the hidden information, called the cover image.lThe second file is the message – the information to be hidden.lA message may be plain text, cipher text, other images, or anything that can be embedded in a bit stream.lWhen combined , the cover and the embedded message make a Stego-image.lA Stego-key (a type of passwor
STEGANOGRAPHY 2008-04-19 23:03:00 Steganography is the art of concealing the existence of information within seemingly innocuous carriers.lSteganography can be viewed as akin to cryptography. Both have been used throughout recorded history as means to protect information.lCryptographic techniques "scramble" messages so if intercepted, the messages cannot be understood.lSteganography, in an essence, "camouflages" a message to hide its existence and make it seem "invisible" thus concealing the fact that a message is being sent altogether.lAn encrypted message may draw suspicion while an invisible message will not. lOne of the first documents describing steganography is from the histories of Herodotus. In ancient Greece, text was written on wax covered tablets. In one story Demeratus wanted to notify Sparta that Xerxes intend
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