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Decentralization and centralization 2008-03-07 05:31:32 1. Decentralization
a. Definition: practice of delegating many important decisions to middle and lower-level managers
b. Connotes dispersal of facilities, participative processes for setting organizational goals (such as management by objectives-MBO) or profit centers that focus attention on performance and results
c. Advantages: increased motivation and morale, timely response to demands or problems, speedy decision making
d. Disadvantage: potential [...]
Happy Eide-Nowroz! 2008-03-07 04:57:53 Apologize for a week delay on updating.
There are some almanacs in the world that use in many nations, such as Christian calendar. One of the most traditional calendars use hitherto is Persian calendar.
In this, people believe when spring comes, New Year will begin, that called it “Eide-Nowroz” in Iran, and start to clean and remove [...] Read more:Happy
Organizational chart 2008-02-26 01:45:00 1. Definition: a set of boxes and lines depicting job titles, reporting relationships and responsibilities in an organization
2. Signal other factors such as individual salaries
3. Fails to reveal the full impact of structure
In Wikipedia, it’s definition is:
An organizational chart (often called organization chart or organigram(me) or organogram(me)) is a diagram that shows the structure of [...]
Departmentalization… 2008-02-25 11:33:00 Part B:
B. Process-based structure: Groups together individuals who perform similar work. It focuses on what happens inside the firm.
Types of process-based structures are:
1. Functional
2. Matrix
Advantages of process-based structure:
1. Achieves efficiencies by minimizing redundancy
2. Realizes maximum benefit from division of labor; may yield a synergistic effect
Disadvantages of process-based structure:
1. Creates coordination problems due to differing language [...]
Departmentalization 2008-02-25 11:27:00 Part A:
Departmentalization is the formal, horizontal separation or specialization of organizational purposes and processes.
There are two structures for it:
1. Purpose-based structure
2. Process-based structure
A. Purpose-based structure: Creates departments which focus the firm’s attention on external constituencies. Types of purpose-based structures are:
1. Product
2. Customer-focus
3. Geographic
Advantages of purpose-based structure:
1. Creates autonomous, self-contained departments
2. Responds quickly and effectively to [...]
Operational planning… 2008-02-23 13:18:00 Part C:
Although Peter Drucker is credited with being the father of MBO, it was George Odiorne who popularized MBO with his statement of its six major premises.
The specific goals that result from the use of MBO in the strategic planning
process are seen to benefit both the organization and the individual through improved communication, cleared [...] Read more:Operational
Operational planning… 1969-12-31 18:00:00 Part C:
The generally accepted stages of the planning
process are:
1. Definition of goals
2. Identification of constraints and premises
3. Development of alternative plans
4. Selection of the best plan.
These steps are followed by implementation and control to make sure the goal is achieved.
A widely used technique which has had a major impact on how organizations are managed [...] Read more:Operational
Operational planning… 2008-02-23 13:12:00 Part B:
A single-use plan applies only to a specific situation, and each such situation calls for a new plan. Single-use plans include programs, projects and budgets. A program specifies, for the accomplishment of a goal, what steps are required, in what order, and who is responsible for each step.
More limited in scope is the project, [...] Read more:Operational
, planning
Operational planning 2008-02-23 12:56:00 Part A:
Operational
plans are detailed statements of how strategic plans are to be carried out. They are classified as either standing plans or single-use plans.In order to have efficient and consistent responses by employees to recurring situations, organizations determine guidelines for these situations; such guidelines are termed standing plans.
Policies are standing plan that are usually [...] Read more:planning
Strategic planning… 2008-02-22 05:14:00 Part D:
Planning is future-oriented and the future is never certain.The greater the uncertainty, the greater the need for contingency planning
: planning for what the firm will do if future events are different from those expected. Contingency plans are also needed in areas where unexpected events could have a major impact on the organization.
There are two [...] Read more:Strategic
Classical management theory 2008-03-12 05:29:57 Although concepts of management can be traced back more than 5000 years, classical management theory is viewed as having emerged with the industrial revolution.
For example the division of labor was Adam Smith’s application of specialization to manufacturing.
Division of labor is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the [...]
Conceptualizing the organization’s environment 2008-03-11 08:32:06 Every organization has an environment with which it constantly interacts.
Definition of environment is:
The environment consists of factors that are external to the organization but affect its performance.
1. Effect on performance: things which do not directly affect the organization’s performance are not considered part of its environment.
2. Organizational control: things which the organization has control over [...]
The development of management thought… 2008-03-10 10:05:05 Part B:
The behavioral approach is usually considered to have had its beginnings in the Hawthorne studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues.
However, significant contributions were also made by Mary Parker Follett with her principles of coordination, Chester Barnard with his revolutionary ideas on the origin of authority, and Hugo Munsterberg, the father of industrial [...] Read more:thought
The development of management thought 2008-03-10 09:52:21 Part A:
From the study of management, four schools of thought
have evolved, reflecting different assumptions about what management is. These schools are:
1. The Management Process School
2. The Behavioral School
3. The Quantitative School
4. The System School.
Much of what is today referred to as classical management theory developed with the industrial revolution.
This includes Adam Smith’s concept of [...]
Scientific management 2008-03-13 09:45:19 Fredrick W. Taylor developed a set of four management principles:
1. Science should replace “rule of thumb”
2. Workers should be carefully selected
3. Managers should cooperate with workers
4. Responsibilities should be divided equally between managers and workers
Taylor suggested implementation tactics:
1. Time and motion study
2. Functional foremanships in place of a foreman having multiple functions
3. Planning departments for [...] Read more:Scientific
Moving to a new house! 2008-04-08 02:02:19 I apologize for delay on updating.
In these days I tried to move my blog to a new house! Now I have a comfortable and small house…So because of some technical problems I can’t parked my existing WP blog, to my new house and move all of my furniture (yes, I mean contents, articles and the [...] Read more:Moving
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