Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust - Nachum Remba
2008-03-06 04:47:01
Nachum Remba
Nachum Remba
Nachum Remba was born in Kolna, Poland in 1910, into a prominent Zionist family, Remba spent most of his adult life as a communal worker. Prior to the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939, Remba was the secretary of the education department of the Warsaw Kehililla, the official administrative body of the Warsaw Jewish
community.
Although himself an employee of the Warsaw Judenrat, he did not hesitate to join a committee to combat corrupt Judenrat practices and he secretly organised some of the Judenrat employees into an association of which he was chairman.
During the initial phase of the mass deportation of the Jews of Warsaw Nachum Remba established a “First Aid Station,” right next to the Umschlagplatz, which was the col
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, Holocaust
The Holocaust in Bulgaria
2008-03-03 06:19:54
The fate of the Bulgaria
n Jews
Artist rendition of the Jewish Diaspora
The history of Jews in Bulgaria predates both that of the Bulgars and the Slavs in the region. Jews formed a vibrant community during the Middle Ages, and were respected by many of the ruling leaders of the day, one of the Tsars even married a Jewish woman who later became known as Queen Theodora.The largest part of the Bulgarian Jewish community before the 15th century belonged to the Byzantine (Romaniot) Jewish rite. Only a minority spoke Bulgarian. The Romaniots had their own customs and even maintained a special prayer book, which eventually was replaced by the Sephardi prayer book. The largest influx of Jews to the Balkans began after 1492, when they were driven away from Spain. At this poi
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Wiernik Testimony - Eichmann Trial
2008-02-28 05:22:27
Jankiel Wiernik
Testimony
about Treblinka at the Eichmann Trial
1961
(Selected Extracts)
Jankiel Wiernik arrived in Treblinka death camp on the 23 August 1942 and he escaped during the revolt on the 2 August 1943.
Wiernik gives testimony at the Eichmann trial
Jankiel Wiernik was a master builder and he along with others built many of the structures in Treblinka, which he described at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem in 1961:
“When I came there, there were only three gas chambers. The large kitchen was not there yet. I constructed various barracks, I built the guardroom. I built the door, the entrance gate.”
He described the arrival process:
“This is where they remained standing. In the courtyard, there were the
Essay & Editorials BBC Interview
2008-02-27 05:45:45
Essays & Editorials
The Department of History, University of Northampton & The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
BBC Interview with Matthew Feldman on David Irving
MP3 Audio files
Get Windows Media Player [here]
Part 1
Matthew Feldman discusses David Irving, his recent incarceration, his work as a historian; both past & present.
Also discussed is global Holocaust Denial.
Part 2
How images of the Holocaust impact peoples views relating to denial, and how physical evidence can be manipulated or rejected by Holocaust revisionists.
Also discussed are issues of Free Speech, and what
The fate of the Jews of Europe - Belgium
2008-02-24 06:04:41
The Destruction of the Jews of Belgium
The German Blitzkrieg overruns Belgium
The Germans invaded Belgium and Holland on the 10 May 1940, as part of the Plan Yellow, and the Western campaign came face to face with Blitzkrieg – Lightning War.
On 28 May 1940 Belgium capitulated to the Germans on the terms of unconditional surrender, King Leopold and Queen Elizabeth decided to remain in Belgium and not escape to England.
There were approximately 85,000 Jews in Belgium just before the war, all but a few of them in the two cities of Antwerp and Brussels. Yet when the Germans on 28 October 1940 forced all Jews to register with the police, the total number registered was only 42,000.
While part of the difference was due to the mass flight acros
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Pinkus Kartin - Resistance & Revolt
2008-02-22 05:41:34
Pinkus Kartin
Pinkus Kartin, member of the underground in Warsaw, also known as Eliahu Mozes and underground name, Andrzej Szmidt
Pinkus Kartin was born in the city of Lusk in the western Ukraine, which was part of the Polish state between the two world wars.
While still in his youth he joined the Communist movement and in the Spanish Civil War he was an officer in the Polish Dombrovski Brigade. When the Second World War commenced Kartin was in France working for the Comintern.
He was recognised as a citizen of the Soviet Union and repatriated to Russia under the terms of the German –Soviet exchange of citizens agreement – which was honoured until the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries.
In the Soviet Union
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Abba Kovner Resistance Leader
2008-02-18 03:13:20
Abba Kovner
"Partisan & Poet"
Abba Kovner
Abba Kovner was born in 1918 in Sebastopol, Crimea, on the shores of the Black Sea. His early life was the typical model of Jewish youth of the time. He was raised in Vilna, the preeminent center of Jewish learning since the seventeenth century and was exposed to every variety of Jewish thought and the teachings of traditional and modem persuasions, from orthodoxy to socialism. Abba attended the University of Vilna as an art student, learning to sculpt. and later developed a passion for poetry.
Like many other boys his age Abba became interested in the Zionist movement and joined a local youth group, the "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'r". However Abba Kovners' destiny would be anything from typical, and the Nazi war machine would ens
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, Leader
The Conductor & the Pianist
2008-02-13 05:46:56
Artur Gold and Wladyslaw Szpilman
The Conductor and The Pianist
This poster from the Nowoczesna Restaurant on Nowolipki 10 in the Warsaw Ghetto lists Artur Gold and Wladislaw Szpilman as performers, and both men had tragic links with the Treblinka death camp. « Click text above for enlarged view.Read the full article here:&szpilman.htmlThe Holocaust Education & Archive Research Teamwww.HolocaustResearchProject.org
The fate of the Gypsies at the Belzec Death Camp
2008-03-12 06:13:36
Gypsies at Belzec
www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
German gypsy family in front of their caravans
In 1926 a Bavarian law called for the registration of all Gypsies in order to prohibit them from roaming about or camping in bands. The law als
2008 Student Essays - Phil Hemming
2008-03-10 03:58:22
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of representing the Holocaust in graphic novel form such as Maus II.
By Phil Hemming
The Holocaust, an event that marks the twentieth century and echoes historically, culturally and emotionally right up to the present day, is one that demands constant reiteration to each new generation as a warning from history. However, the mode this warning is presented in is subject to debate and discussion. Is it that, in the words of Adorno, ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’? Does he mean literally or metaphorically and is no degree of aesthetification to be permitted, that the only portrayal is from the testimonies of survivors? Cutter believes that “experiments at variety-even expe
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2008 Student Essays - Harriet Notley
2008-03-10 03:58:03
Why has the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington provoked such controversy within Holocaust Studies?By Harriet Notley
“…America’s national institution for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history, and serves as this country’s memorial to the millions of people murdered during the Holocaust”: this is part of the mission statement of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (hereafter USHMM) in Washington D.C., which opened in 1993. The mission statement gives little indication of the controversy that has surrounded the USHMM since it was first suggested in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter. This essay will focus on the main controversies within Holocaust Studies associated with the USHMM: location, building, how exhibits are display
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Escape from Belzec
2008-03-13 08:15:38
Resistance and Escape
from Belzec
Reder map of Belzec (Belzec Museum Poland)
Christian Wirth’s constant problem at Belzec and the other Aktion Reinhard camps was the wild, undisciplined and often drunken behaviour of the Russian volunteers sent to him from the SS- Trawniki camp as guards.
In the early days at Belzec they habitually fraternised with the local villagers, bargained with them on the black market for food, alcohol and even women and on occasions indulged in orgies.
Even when on duty at the camps these renegades were mostly drunk which made their behaviour – usually violently anti-Semitic, anyway – even more sadistic towards their victims, and insubordinate to the SS – all of which greatly hindered the smooth running of the e
The Flossenbürg Concentration Camp on HolocaustResearchProject.org website
2008-03-17 04:41:30
Flossenbürg
Concentration
Camp
Picturesque village where Flossenbürg would be erected
The village of Flossenbürg dated from the Middle Ages and was located in the Oberpfalz Mountains of Bavaria, 40 miles east of Nuremburg, near the Czech frontier and situated close to a number of rock quarries. The first granite quarry was established there in 1875 and soon became the center of the village economy.In the late 1930's the owner of the quarry -- also mayor of the village and a loyal Nazi -- persuaded Heinrich Himmler to establish a major camp at the site.
KL Flossenbürg was established in May 1938, and began as a relatively small facility originally intended for criminals, "asocial" persons, and Jews, but it grew to include political prisoners and foreign prison
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Eliahu Rosenberg testifies about Treblinka at the Eichmann Trial in 1961
2008-03-20 04:24:03
Eliahu Rosenberg
Testimony about Treblinka at the Eichmann Trial
1961
(Selected Extracts)
Eliahu Rosenberg "swearing in"
at the Eichmann trial
Eliahu Rosenberg was deported from Warsaw to Treblinka along with his mother and three sisters in September 1942. He escaped during the revolt on the 2 August 1943.
At the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem in 1961, Eliahu Rosenberg described their arrival, a member of the Blau Kommando said:
“He did not say it to me, but to his friend, an acquaintance of his, in Yiddish, “Moshe, chap a besem un rateve sich!” (Moshe, grab a broom and save yourself)
“This man took hold of a broom that was lying at the side, went into the freight cars and began sweeping the cars. Kurt Franz – he passed by
The Role of the Jewish Council in Prague -By Holocaust Survivor Frank Bright
2008-03-24 04:13:25
Nazi Restrictions on the Jews of Prague
& The Role of the Jewish
Community Council
[Guest publication by Holocaust
Survivor Frank
"Brichta" Bright
]
Adolf Hitler reviews his troops at Prague castle on March 15, 1939
The rules, orders, prohibitions and restrictions with which the Jewish population had to comply are shown in the sequence shown on the original pages, i.e. they are not always in chronological order.
The following represents only a small fraction of the total number of prohibitions, restrictions, confiscations and humiliations Jews had to endure before their deportation to the Final Solution.
Dates are shown in the order: day, month, year. Words are shown in bold lettering where they are thus shown in th
The Gelpernus Diary " Resistance in the Kovno Ghetto"
2008-03-26 06:23:08
The Gelpernus Diary
Resistance
in the Kovno Ghetto
Chaim Yelin & Dimitri-Ghelpernus
H.E.A.R.T Exclusive!
Writer Chaim Yelin, the organizer and leader of the ghetto partisan movement, dreamed of writing a book about the resistance, underground and Kovno ghetto partisans. The proof of that is in the material which he managed to have written during the war.
However, only some of that material has survived. Having devoted all his being to the underground movement, Chaim Yelin perished in the fight with the brown plague without making public the Resistance documents, which were at that time written in blood of Kovno ghetto fighters. These lines were written by his brother and his closest friend, who, from the very first days of Kovno ghetto,fought hand in hand with him
Westerbork Transit Camp
2008-04-01 16:06:14
Westerbork
The community of Westerbork is situated in the northeast of the Netherlands in the province of Drenthe, 11 kms from the province capital of Assen and about 130 km (80 miles) north of Amsterdam. In a resolution proposed by the Minister of Home Affairs and approved by the Dutch cabinet on 13 February 1939, it was determined to construct a camp "to house the refugees from Germany that live in this country". Opened on 9 October 1939, the costs of constructing the camp, amounting to 1.25 million gulden, were charged to the Jewish Refugee Committee in the Netherlands.
When the Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, there were 750 refugees residing in the camp. Initially moved to Leeuwarden, capital of the province of Frisia, they were moved back to West
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The Eichmann Trial -- Avraham Lindwasser Testimony
2008-04-04 23:37:58
Avraham Lindwasser
Testimony
about Treblinka at the Eichmann Trial
1961
(Selected Extracts)
Avraham Lindwasser gives testimony
at the Eichmann trial
Avraham Lindwasser arrived in the Treblinka death camp on the 28 August 1942 from Warsaw. He escaped during the revolt on the 2 August 1943.
-------------------------------
At the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem in 1961, Avraham Lindwasser described his arrival:
“There was a notice, it read”
“Jews after you have bathed and changed your clothes, the journey will continue to the east, to work.”
Avraham Lindwasser continued with his arrival at the ramp:
“They opened the freight cars - we heard the order “Get Out.” There were shouts, we began g
Forced Deportations to Lodz
2008-04-09 05:05:54
Deportations from the Greater German Reich to the Lodz Ghetto
October – November 1941
Dawid Sierakowiak wrote in his diary on 4 October 1941:
German & Austrian Jews heading for Lodz
“Today Rumkowski met with all the teachers in the ghetto. He said that because 20,000 Jews are arriving from all over Germany, he is extending the school recess now, instead of having it during the winter.
I think it’s the end of schooling in the ghetto, at least for me, since I don’t think I’ll be a lyceum student, after all. “
On 16 October 1941 the first of twenty trains left Greater Germany “for the East.” By 4 November they had all completed their journey, taking 19,837 Jews to the Lodz ghetto.
One of t
Images related to the economics of the Final Solution
2008-04-10 07:22:46
The Holocaust Economics Image Gallery
www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
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A building on Kosciuszko Street in Bedzin, housing the local branch of the German Finance Ministry. From a Nazi German propaganda film.789 X 507100 KB
A chart designating the chain of command in the Economic and Administrative Main Office (the WVHA)474 X 37036 KB
A copy of a draft list, prepared by the Reichsbank, of the forty-sixth shipment to the Prussian State Mint of gold and silver taken from human teeth312 X 44832 KB
A crowd of people gather outside the Schocken department store in Nuremberg780 X 600See the full image gallery here: Holocaust Education & Archive Research Teamwww.HolocaustResearchProject.org
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, related
, Final
, Solution
Witness statement - Leo Freitag speaks on Budzyn
2008-04-16 05:02:26
Budzyn Labour Camp
The Leo Freitag Statement
Statement sworn at the Consulate General of the Federal German Republic in New York on 12 August 1968
Photo of Jews from the Krasnik Ghetto
At the end of 1941 or the beginning of 1942 I went from Krasnik to KZ Budzyn. When I am told that the Budzyn camp was, at the beginning a Zwangsarbeitslager and then later a KZ, when I think that I came there at the time it was a labour camp.
That was at the time when the Jews were taken out of Krasnik. We wore civilian clothing. Only later did we get the striped clothing. The time of the change-over I can no longer remember exactly. It was either 1942 or 1943.
As the Russians approached the camp was disbanded. We went next to Wieliczka, then to Gross Rosen via Plaszow
Read more: Witness
, statement
The Josef Mueller Statement
2008-04-14 06:19:44
Statement by Josef Mueller
Former Commander of the SS Camps in Krakow
Julag 1 in Plaszow - Julag 2 in Prokocim - Julag 3 in Bierzanow
Flensburg 17 June 1960
Julian Scherner
In the case against Fellenz, it has been necessary to obtain evidence from the witness Mueller which is being taken in the regional court prison.
The witness Mueller described the following:
In the months between January and February 1942, I have performed normal office duties in the head office of the SS und Polizeifuhrer in Krakow. Nothing special happened during that period.
First in March 1942, the exact date I cannot quote, I had to accompany and take part, as a personal bodyguard, the Oberfuhrer Scherner, on a so called Jewish Action.
A
They fought back!
2008-04-21 04:33:17
The Bielski Brothers
Jewish Resistance and the "Otriad"
The Bielski partisans
Prior to the onset of WWII, conditions throughout occupied Poland & Belarus varied greatly. In some areas, especially in eastern Poland, which the Soviet Union invaded in 1939, and subsequently "formally" annexed, the situation was particularly volatile.
During the two year' occupation till the Soviet-German war outbreak in 1941, the Soviets carried out the ethnic cleansing of Poles considered as a potential threat to full annexation of these territories into Soviet Union.
Hundred of thousands of Polish officials, officers, soldiers, policemen, teachers, churchmen, landowners, and civilians with their families were sent to Siberian concentration camps.
Some Jews had welcom
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Frank Bright tells of the death of his family at Auschwitz and his survival!
2008-04-23 06:35:51
The Family Brichta
Part One – Backgrounds and Life in Berlin
This is the story of the Family Brichta, as recalled by Frank
Bright
, in his unpublished memoirs, which due to its length will be completed in several chapters.
We are exceedingly grateful to Frank for allowing HEART to share both his family’s and his unique experiences during the Nazis years, before the Second World War and through the Holocaust, which claimed so many of his family and friends.
Hermann Brichta
Hermann Brichta holding Frank, 1929 Berlin
My father, early days
My Father was very similar in upbringing and outlook to that of my mother. Born on a farm in 1897 among and surrounded by Czechs that is not all that surprising. There were other Jewish farmers in
Read more: tells
, death
, survival
The Sporrenberg Interrogation - Harvest Festival
2008-04-30 09:59:41
Operation Erntefest
(Harvest
Festival
)
Jakob Sporrenberg SSPF Lublin
Interrogation Report – Extracts
Jakob Sporrenberg
(1902--1952), SS and Police Leader in the Lublin district who organized
“Erntefest"---the operation in which some 43,000 Jews imprisoned in the
camps of Majdanek, Trawniki, and Poniatowa were massacred.
Part 1
Jakob Sporrenberg
III. Sporrenberg’s Activities as SS &Police Chief Lublin
In the course of the interview described above PW must have been aware of the task facing him. He must have known that he was chosen for this position for quite definite reasons by a man who knew only too well how to select personnel to carry out work to his own satisfaction and c
Neuengamme - Images
2008-05-03 03:35:22
The Neuengamme Image Gallery
www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
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Aerial view of Neuengamme concentration camp800 X 56883 KB
An SS guard watches prisoner laborers at construction work. Neuengamme concentration camp640 X 40631 KB
Fence at Neuengamme521 X 35538 KB
Neuengamme Car port799 X 70674 KB
Neuengamme crematorium ovens797 X 57789 KB
Neuengamme crematorium schematic794 X 671102 KB
See the full gallery here: Holocaust Education & Archive Research Teamwww.HolocaustResearchProject.orgHitler; Himmler Shoah; Third Reich; Final Solution; Nazi; National Socialism; Jews; Judaism; The Holocaust; Auschwitz; Deathcamps; Sobibor; Belze; Treblinka; Krakow; Lublin; Action Reinhard; Wirth; Globocnik; Goering; Goebbels; Anne Frank; Propaganda; Ge
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Salomon Hercberg Ghetto Prison Commandant
2008-05-05 04:23:42
The Lodz Ghetto
Salomon
Hercberg Arrest and Resettlement of the Lodz Ghetto Prison
Commandant
Saloman Hercberg
12 March 1942
The Hercberg affair has made for one of the greatest sensations in the annals of the ghetto thus far. The “Hercbergiada” will no doubt stand out in bold relief in the history of our Ghetto. Who was Hercberg?
A tall obese man of some forty-odd years, bursting with health, splendidly dressed, he was one of the most popular figures among the leading representatives of the ghetto’s administration.
His prison commandant’s cap, adorned with thick gold braid, like the beautiful gold- embroidered armband he wore, set him apart from those around him. He was a child of the Balut neighbourhood. In t
Borek & Chelm
2008-05-07 05:41:10
The Jews of Chelm & Escape from Borek Forest
The market in pre-war Chelm
Jews may have been present in Chelm in the 12th Century and contributed one of the largest and most important communities in Poland by the 16th Century. Over time the Jews of Chem inexplicably earned a reputation for simple –mindedness, giving rise to many entertaining stories and making Chelm or Chelmer bywords in the Jewish world.
Disaster struck the Jewish community in Chelm in the mid-seventeenth century, when one of Bogdan Chmielnicki’s armed Cossack units burst into the town, killing many Jews.
On the eve of the Second World War there were about 15,000 Jews in Chelm, by circa 1941/ 1942 the population according to Das General Government by Du Prel, was around 35, 0
Holocaust Memorials - The Belzec Death Camp
2008-05-10 04:59:38
The Belzec Memorial
Wide view of the new memorial at Belzec (circa 2004)
The area where the former Belzec Death camp stood (circa 2000)
It was not until 1961 that the Polish authorities decided to clean up the site of the former death camp and erect a monument to the memory of the victims.
This work was completed and the area of remembrance and memorial officially opened on the 1 December 1963. The monument showed two emaciated figures, and a number of concrete plinths that marked the supposed mass graves.
There was also a row of monumental concrete urns, symbolising ever-burning fires, on the west side of the alley to the left of the former gas chamber building.
Over the years the monuments and surrounding wall and fence fell into disrep
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Escape from the Death Camp Trains - Sobibor "Jumpers"
2008-05-09 04:30:28
Testimony of Yacov Gurfein about the
Sobibor Transport "Jumpers"
Photo of a German soldier near the bridge at Sanok
Israeli Police
6th Bureau
Date: 23.6.1960
Investigating Officer: Rosenfeld
Yacov Gurfein
Date of Birth: Born 1921
Place of Birth: Sanok, Poland
Profession: Carpenter
Father’s Name: Abraham GurfeinRead the full testimony here: Holocaust Education & Archive Research Teamwww.HolocaustResearchProject.orgHitler; Himmler Shoah; Third Reich; Final Solution; Nazi; National Socialism; Jews; Judaism; The Holocaust; Auschwitz; Deathcamps; Sobibor; Belze; Treblinka; Krakow; Lublin; Action Reinhard; Wirth; Globocnik; Goering; Goebbels; Anne Frank; Propaganda; Genocide; Murder; Racism;
Read more: Escape
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