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TCP Auto-tuning
2008-04-10 23:10:48
More often than not, the bandwidth of a TCP flow is restricted by the setting of the sender's and receiver's buffer sizes, and the flow never utilizes the available bandwidth of the links. Very few... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Network Device Drivers in brief
2008-04-10 23:03:04
It can be a Network driver or any device driver; first operation is the probe. During probe, device driver which support that hardware are searched. This is by calling probe implementation in each... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Device , Drivers

Shared Memory, Mutexes, and Semaphores
2008-04-10 23:00:40
Inter-process Communication (IPC) is a capability of the Operating Systems to allow communication between two processes running either in same or in a different computer. Shared memory is one of the... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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IP Checksum
2008-04-10 22:58:51
IP Checksum is the 16-bit 1's complement of 1's complement sum of all 16-bit words in IP header. Example: Suppose the IP header has the following bytes where last two bytes (0's) are checksum... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
2008-04-10 22:55:47
Device drivers may need to stop interrupts for some time. This can be due to various reasons. Usually, interrupts are blocked to avoid deadlocks. If an interrupt is shared, disabling interrupts are... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Registering Interrupt Handler
2008-04-10 22:53:52
Hardwares inform processor through signals called interrupts whenever they require processor's attention. Registering interrupt handler: Interrupt handlers are registered using request_irq and... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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Network Alias - Interface with 2 IP addresses
2008-04-10 22:52:34
It is possible to create network alias or assign 2 ip address to single NIC under FreeBSD? My setup: lnc0 - IP : 192.168.1.1/255.255.255.0 lnc0 alias - IP : 192.168.1.5/255.255.255.255 Note:... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Alias , Interface , addresses

TCP Tuning - sysctls
2008-04-10 22:51:05
net.inet.tcp.recvspace and net.inet.tcp.sendspace control how much buffer space is allotted per socket connection, per direction. This is how much data the kernel will cache on a socket while the... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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INTx implementation in FreeBSD
2008-04-10 22:48:25
FreeBSD's PCI interrupt routing code attempts to provide a machine independent framework that machine dependent code can hook into where necessary. First, FreeBSD uses cookie values defined by... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: FreeBSD

MSI implementation in FreeBSD
2008-04-10 22:46:26
FreeBSD implements MSI messages as SYS_RES_IRQ interrupts similar to the legacy INTx interrupts. The driver visible differences include different resource IDs (legacy INTx interrupt is rid 0, MSI... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: FreeBSD

MSI support by a loaded driver
2008-04-10 22:45:06
A driver which has been loaded earlier can be supporting Line interrupts (INT A) or MSI Interrupts. How do we verify the interrupt type of the loaded driver? Run "vmstat -i". It lists the drivers,... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Maximum number of supported MSI messages
2008-04-10 22:42:24
Function pci_msi_count() returns the maximum number of supported MSI messages . This maximum number is hardware specific. Some hardware supports upto 32 MSI messages, where as some hardwares supports... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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MSI support in a PCI device
2008-04-10 22:23:49
Run "pciconf -lvc" and find that device's info. Example: Neterion Xframe-II 10Gigabit Ethernet Adapter xge0@pci1:3:0: class=0x020000 card=0x602017d5 chip=0x583217d5 rev=0x02 hdr=0x00 vendor =... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Apple Safari Browser
2008-04-10 22:22:37
Apple has released Safari web browser for Windows. Now we can have a feel of Mac web browsing in Windows. You can find Safari here. Safari browser supports tabbed windows similar to Mozilla Firefox... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Apple

Mac OS X Network Tuning
2008-04-10 22:21:07
Adam Knight explains network tuning concepts in Mac OS X here. You can find some info on tuning through sysctls, new reno fast recovery method, selective acknowledgements, window sizes, maximum... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Tuning

Why FreeBSD
2008-04-10 22:19:37
Frank Pohlmann explains reasons for choosing FreeBSD over other operating systems here. [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Why did they choose FreeBSD?
2008-04-10 22:18:12
Harvey Allen, Brian Candler, and Joel Jaeggli explains why did they opt for FreeBSD here (pdf). Some key points in it: * WhyFreeBSD in general? * Why FreeBSD rather than Linux? * Why FreeBSD rather... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: choose

FreeBSD Kernel Compilation
2008-04-10 21:59:00
One more way of building FreeBSD Kernel. Before this step, building world is required. If you want to build a custom kernel, and already have a configuration file, just use KERNCONF=MYKERNEL like... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Adding DNS server entries
2008-04-10 21:57:01
All DNS server entries will be in a configuration file resolv.conf in /etc. Update /etc/resolv.conf with new DNS server entry. Example to add DNS server 1.2.3.4: nameserver 1.2.3.4 For the just... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


TCP Segmentation
2008-04-10 21:38:31
In general, segmentation is the process of breaking something into smaller units. In networking terms, segmentation is the process in which a large data is broken down to a number of small-sized data... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Segmentation

Customizing Ubuntu Linux Kernel
2008-04-09 01:38:45
Found at -to-customize-your-ubuntu-kernel/Kernel customization is not for everyone. Please note before you try any of this that it can break your system.... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Ubuntu , Linux

Promiscuous Mode
2008-04-12 02:55:27
Network Interface Cards (NICs) receive all frames in a network. Each frame will have source and destination MAC addresses. Each NIC is identified through MAC address (also called as Physical Address,... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
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Enabling and Disabling Promiscuous Mode
2008-04-16 19:35:54
In both Linux and FreeBSD, we can enable/disable promiscuous mode for an interface using "ifconfig". The parameters "promisc" and "-promisc" are used to enable and disable promiscuous mode... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Promiscuous

Solaris: Instances, Device Numbers, Major/Minor Numbers
2008-04-26 13:28:38
One of the FAQs at What are the definitions of and the relationships between instances, device numbers, minor nodes, major numbers, and minor numbers? "Instance numbers" are part of the "shorthand" name for "dev_info" nodes owned by a particular driver. These nodes are usually associated one-to-one with a particular hardware instance: the two 85C30 chips in a SPARCstation each have a dev_info node called instance zero or... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Solaris , Device , Numbers , Major , Minor

About Sniffers!
2008-04-25 20:53:23
Source: Introduction This text is about sniffers, the good and the evil uses, which I'll hope you will find usefull and easy to comprehend. Please note that this is not intended for the network experts out there i.e. nothing new... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]


Copying data from Kernel memory space to User memory space
2008-05-01 21:20:14
One of the FAQs at Use ddi_copyout(9F), which enables us to copy some data in the kernel memory space to our application program. For example, when we want to obtain the configuration data within the device driver, ddi_copyout(9F) is useful. The sample program is shown below. This is the extention of the skelton driver -- refer to 3.19 for Character Driver Skelton Program (skelton.c). 1) The user application... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Copying

Forcing a Virtual Adapter to use Promiscuous Mode
2008-05-03 17:27:51
Source: For security reasons, guest operating systems are not normally allowed to set their virtual Ethernet adapters to use promiscuous mode. In some circumstances, you may need to use the virtual Ethernet adapters in promiscuous mode. To enable this use, you must set the Promiscuous Allowed configuration variable to yes. To do so, follow these steps. Check the Edit Configuration page of the VMware Management Interface to... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Forcing , Adapter

Watchdog Timeouts
2008-05-09 20:27:52
A watchdog reset occurs when a synchronous trap condition occurs with traps disabled. Since traps are disabled, the processor can't take a trap but it can't continue executing either. The chip then enters error mode and logically raises an error_mode signal. This signal is logically wired back to the watchdog_reset_in pin. One common way that a new driver can watchdog the system is by using too much stack space (commonly, too many large local variables). Since the kernel stack doesn't grow,... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: Watchdog

How do I allocate physically contiguous memory in Solaris?
2008-05-16 21:23:10
Solaris provides several DDI/DKI routines prefaced with ddi_dma_ which abstract the characteristics of DMA, such that a single driver can be written to work across all Solaris supported platforms. Specifically, ddi_dma_mem_alloc(9F) is the preferred routine to allocate driver memory suitable for DMA. The ddi_dma_attr(9S) structure controls the allocation of memory. Note that setting the dma_a
Read more: Solaris

Relocating to a new version
2008-05-19 22:21:48
Copy over the following files from the old system to the new system /etc/master.passwd /etc/passwd /etc/group Run the following command. /usr/sbin/pwd_mkdb -p /etc/master.passwd Copy all the home directories and email directory to the new system. Source: [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]
Read more: version

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