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WATER QUALITY 3 2007-12-03 06:25:00 PHThe PH source waters used for irrigation are normally within a range of 6.5 to 8.5, and seldom present a problem in and of it. However, since PH plays a major role in a variety of chemical reactions in the water and in the soil, it is an important factor to be considered. The pH of the source water may determine whether or not various dissolved solids present in the water, such as iron or calcium carbonate, will precipitate out to cause emitter clogging. The water PH may help or hinder the action of chlorine used to control of biological growth, and it may play a role in the availability of various soil nutrients.CALCIUMCalcium (Ca) id found to some extent in all natural waters. A predominantly saturated with calcium is friable and easily worked, usually permits water to penetrate easily and does not puddle or run together when wet. For this reason calcium, in the form of gypsum, is often applied to “tight” soils to improve their physical properties. Generally, irrigation water h
WATER QUALITY 2 2007-12-02 05:41:00 Interpretation of water quality analysisSuspended solids in the water supply include soil particles ranging in size from coarse to fine clays, living organism including algae and bacteria, and a wide variety of miscellaneous waterborne matter, suspended solids loads will often vary considerably from day to day and season to season, particularly when the water source is a river, lake, or reservoir. Since suspended solids above a certain size must be filteredout of the water prior to its entering the system, it is a good idea to obtain a reliable estimate of the total quantity of material to be removed.SALANITYPlant roots take up water from the soil primarily as a result of osmotic pressure, which exists because plant cells contain a higher concentration of dissolved salts than is present in the soil water. This difference in salt concentration forces water to move from the area of lower to higher salt concentration, though the semi-permeable cell walls of the plant, in a process called
WATER QUALITY 2007-12-02 05:38:00 Taking a water sample for analysisThe preliminary study for micro-irrigation system will require a careful analysis of the source of water. A micro-irrigation system requires good quality water free of all but the finest suspended solids and free of those dissolved solids, such as iron, which may precipitate out and cause problems in the system. Neglecting to analyze the quality of water source and provide adequate treatment is one of the most common reasons for the failure of micro-irrigation system to function properly.It is important that a representative water sample be taken. If the source is a well, the sample should be collected after the pump has run for half an hour or so. For a tap on a domestic supply line, the supply should be run for several minutes before taking the sample. When collecting samples from a surface water source such as a ditch, river or reservoir, the sample should be taken near the center and below the water surface. Where surface water sources are subject
FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT BANANAS! 2007-12-02 05:32:00 The banana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. It is mentioned in the Buddhist Pali text (600 BC) and in the Indian national epic poems (Mahabharata and Ramayana).The first direct commercial shipment of 20,000 bunches of bananas arrived in the UK in September 1888.The banana plant is not a tree – it is the world’s largest herb.The trunk of the banana plant is made from wood. It is created from thick leaf stems wrapped tightly together in overlapping layers.Each plant only bears one single stem of bananas with anything from 100-2000 individual fruit on it.During the war, bananas could not be imported into the UK and people in Britain did not see a banana for eight years.One wartime song, from 1943, went: “I get along without sugar; I never drink any tea; Eggs and bacon, beef and ham – these things don’t worry me; But one thing I always crave, and that’s why you hear me sing: Oh, when can I have a banana again?”The first bananas after the war arrived ion Go
Did you know????????? 2007-11-30 02:50:00 Banana, The Food of Champions Many world-class sports stars include bananas in their daily diet to help give them extra boost of energy when competing. In fact, Bananas are often taken into Centre Court at the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament for a mid-game snack by the leading tennis stars. The English rugby team eat the bananas at half-time and even golfers, such as Nick Faldo, Greg Norman and Bernhard Langer, carry bananas around with them to eat during their game.So what is so special about bananas?The answer lies in their unique composition. Not only are bananas packed full of vitamins and minerals and are very easy to digest, but they also contain a mixture of three different types of sugars - fructuse, sucrose and glucose-combined with fibre. This unique combination releases energy into the body over a much longer period of time than many other food, thus improving stamina and the powers of endurance and concentration - vital considerations for any top athlete. Of course, it’s not
What are the soil, water and plant relationships 2? 2007-11-30 02:30:00 SOIL-WATER RELATIONSHIPSIrrigation system is essential in for banana grower because it is a transportation system which delivers water
to a point in or near the root zone. The final link in this transportation system is the soil, an essential and sometimes neglected bridge between the irrigation system and the plant. The soil’s physical and chemical properties determine its ability to transport and store water and nutrients; thus an understanding of soils and soil-water relationships is a fundamental prerequisite for the designer.See terms and definitions to help you comprehend the mechanism by which moisture is transported and stored within the soil profile.1.HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE2.CAPILLARY MOISTURE3.GRAVITATIONAL WQATER4.FIELD CAPACITYPERMANENT WILTING POINT5.AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURESee previous post for their definitions.Figure 1. The range of soil moistureWETTED PATTERN IN THE SOILAfter irrigation application, water is slowly going down to the soil at a single point, it is acted b
What are soil, water and plant relationships? 2007-11-30 02:14:00 It is good to determine and know the soil structure of your banana farms to have exact and accurate irrigation water
application and fertilization.SOILThe soil is the bank of plant nutrients, and the medium through which water and nutrients move. It is the anchorage for plants and the reservoir of water for plant growth. The characteristics of soils vary widely according to their physical properties, often determining the kinds and type of crop which can be grown, and also the type of irrigation system which is best suited for the plants.TEXTURE refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of mineral particles (sand, silts and clays) that made up the soil. Soil texture is determined by first passing a of soil sample through a two millimeter mesh screen to eliminate any organic matter. The sample is carefully graded by particle size to determine the percentages of sand, silt, and clay present. Soil texture acts as a major role in the processes which govern water movement, wate
What is the right irrigation system for banana farming? 2007-11-28 03:51:00 There are many products say that their irrigation system design is best suited for banana
farming. They say that they have all the engineers and technicians for the best product appropriate for banana industry. They have also gathered data from their research, but what is the best irrigation system appropriate for banana farming?There are things to consider in selecting the best irrigation system for banana growing:1.It should be economical or less cost2.It should be less in operating expenses3.It should be less maintenance in terms of damages4.It should be not prone to pilferage5.It should meet the water requirements of the plants6.It should operate less manpower7.The materials for repair and maintenance is accessible8.It should drive by power not engine to eliminate fuel and oil pilferage9.The water supply should near the plantation10.Use lining canal to supply water to each pump station to minimize power consumption11.Consider the number of rainfall in the area12.Consider the soil
What are the advantages of Tissue Cultured in Banana Plants? 2007-11-25 20:32:00 The plants are selected from high yielding clones.The plants are micropropagated under optimal condition – uniform superior planting materials.The plants are absolutely free from diseases and pest.The plants are stable with well-developed root system and their observation and growing capacity is very high.The tissue culture plants enable flexibility in accordance with the palnting season and marketing demand.The fruit bunches are dense and compact having well shape fingers for better marketability.The optimum yields are ensured every season following requisite culture practices.The integration of 3 crops (including two rations) from tissue culture with advance growth ensures highly profitable plantation.The large quantities of plants could be supplied at a time.The quality plant command premium in the market.The production of high yielding quality planting material which are uniformity healthy, disease free and having accelerated growth reducing the crop cycle.The true type (identifi Read more:Plants
View to Banana Tissue Culture 2007-11-25 07:17:00 Banana tissue culture is used by big companies to produce more planting materials in the field. The yield of the plantation depends on how many hectares acquired and planted. Tissue culture propagation is the best way to produce consistent uniform superior planting material for export and domestic market. Advantages of tissue culture raised plants against the conventionally propagated (suckers) plants were clearly demonstrated in banana field trials. Superior of tissue cultured quality plants in terms of developed root system, greater functional leaf area leading to high photosynthetic rate and higher yields is now well established.TechnologyThe technology can improved continuously the productivity , profitability, stability and sustainability of the farming system. Each plant cell has the potential to generate into a single plant. This is called TOTIPOTENCY and when this character is involved into rapid and mass multiplication of propagules at optimum levels is called MICROPROPAGATION
BANANA TISSUE CULTURE 2 2007-11-25 06:55:00 Why endophytes?The lack of clean planting material is a major constraint for banana production in sub-Saharan Africa. The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, is the most important insect pest of highland bananas and plantains. Banana weevil larvae tunnel into the rhizome (underground stem), resulting in reduced nutrient uptake, weakening the stability of the plant, and causing plants to break. The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis is globally the most important nematode pest to banana production and a major constraint in East Africa. Nematodes kill the roots by feeding on them. The destruction of root tissues reduces yield, and ultimately destroys plant anchorage, resulting in a typical symptom of toppling of the whole plant.Banana in the region is traditionally propagated by means of suckers, which are rhizomes cut off from the motherplant. These suckers are infested with soilborne pests such as the banana weevil and the burrowing nematode. Consequently, the use of suckers as a
BANANA TISSUE CULTURE 2007-11-25 06:20:00 Plant tissue culture is the science of growing plant cells, tissues or organs isolated from the mother plant, on artificial media. It includes techniques and methods appropriate to research into many botanical disciplines and several practical objectives. Both organized and unorganized growth is possible in vitro .Organized growth of banana tissue in vitro is limited to embryo culture and shoot tip culture. Embryo culture is an important aid for classical breeding in banana since the germination frequency of seed is extremely low. Through embryo rescue, this frequency can be 10 times increased . Major applications of shoot tip culture are mass clonal propagation and germplasm conservation. In the former already existing shoot tips are stimulated to multiply rapidly, while in the latter, the multiplication rate is slowed down. This technique is applied for the conservation of The International Musa germplasm collection at the INIBAP (International Network for the Improvement of Banana a
Why irrigation is important to Banana Farming? 2007-11-19 23:22:00 Irrigation is important to banana farming because 80% of banana is water. Without water, it is impossible for this crop to yield the desired production you expected. One of the biggest companies of banana plantation in Mindanao, Philippines, suffered brittle problems due to insufficient water application to the plants. This case was not yet found when there is plenty of rain coming to the area. But when the sunny and hot days come to pass for 2 months in the area where sandy soil is observed, there these brittle problems came out.These cases was caused by insufficient water application to the plants. When you look at the plants, it looks like pale. Sometimes the plants looks healthy but it cannot support the weight of its fruit; the pseudo stem will break even if there are two poles that supported it. The only remedy to this problem is enough rain or installing irrigation system in the area. After it was installed, the problem was solved and brittle case was found no more.What is irrig Read more:Farming
HOME PAGE 2007-11-18 01:08:00 Welcome to Banana Industy Tour!! Your tour guide to banana industry..........................This site will bring you to the whole operation in banana industry from land development to shipping. All of you outhere who wants to know the secret techniques and proper handling of these exported bananas will be revealed in this blog for free!!!. So, if you are interested in this business feel free to ask question through e-mail and you may also submit your comments here. Operation:Land Preparation OperationTissue CulturePlanting OperationRe-planting OperationDrainage SystemIrrigation SystemEngineering ServicesAerial SprayCrop ProtectionPlant Care OperationHarvesting OperationPacking House OperationShippingOthers: SOP and guidelines of land preparation The above operation will cover the whole content of this site plus SOP and guidelines, techniques and proper supervision of the workers.Some of the operation was not yet completed and to be post after.
Free pictures on land preparation 2007-12-17 06:37:00 Free picture on land preparation
. This is how big plantation of banana plants prepared the area for planting bananas.1. Knockdown using bulldozer2. Knockdown 23. Pushing4. Pushing 25. After clearing6.After clearing 27 Grave yarding 18.Grave yarding 29. After harrowing10. Excavation11. Canal excavation12. Ripping 13.Soil Ammendments
Free Banana Picture 2007-12-17 05:37:00 Free pictures on how our favorite banana fruits are being process in the packing house.1. bunches inside the patio2.taking out the pad3. Clearing all the pad4.Checking finger lenght5.Pulling the bunches to process6. Banana in finger selection7. banana for weigh8. Banana cluster9. For cluster10. After washing11. Banana in dehanding tank Read more:Picture
NEMATICIDE APPLICATION 2007-12-16 06:39:00 Nematicide application is important to control "Nematodes" in the soil that feeds on the roots, cutting-off nutrients and water uptake resulting to poor plant growth and lessen bunch weight. The weakening of the anchorage will also result to fruit losses as a consequence of tip-over.Nematodes are microscopic organism with slender, cylindical unsegmented bodies tapering towards the head and tail. They are also known as round worms, thread worm, ell-worms about 0.5 to 2.0 mm in size. They are parasites and attach the roots of banana by the use of their stylet which injure the plant tissue and cause abnormal cell enlargement.Objectives:1.To control Nematode in order to attain and maintain its full production potentials2.To provide a helathy system to banana plant.Symptoms of Plant Affected by Nematodes:1. Reduction in number of hands per bunch2. Small indivdual fruits3. Very little response to fertilizer application, irrigation and etc.Materials Needed:1. Poke Hole2. Calibrated cups with
Fertilization 2007-12-16 06:29:00 Fertilization Objectives:1. To maintain and upgrade the nutritional condition of the soil to maximaize production per unit area.2. To prevent nutritional disorders, pest and diseases which may relate to nutritional inbalances.Methodology:1. Spread evenly/uniformly around the base of the follower2. Use of calibrated cup to maintain uniformity of delivery per mat3. Avoid waste, maximize the usage of inputs if possibleKinds of commercial FertilizersA. Inorganic Fertilizer1. Urea2. Muriate of Potash3. ammonium Sulphate4. zinc SuplhateB. Organic Fertilizer1. Chicken Dung2. Mudpress3. Cattle manureC. Ameliorants1. Calcitic LimeMethods of fertilizer Applicatiuon1. Localized Placementa. Applying fertilizer in front of follower 30-60 cm. in half moon mannerb. Arround the mat for replants.2. Fertigationa.Via drip or undertree irrigationb. availability of nutrients within the root zonec.Reduce application cost3. Foliara. Nutrient absorption thru the leavesb. Crop response is quicker but temporary
REPLANTING OF BANANA PLANTS 2007-12-14 20:45:00 This operation consists of planting seeds in open spaces in an established plantation, to maintain a uniform and well distributed population and to bring back normal population level. This operation is also done in adjusting plant distribution.Seedling Selection:Meristem seedlings are ideal for replanting as these were carefully chosen from healthy plant and usually disease free. In the absence of tissue cultured seedlings, only Vigorous sword suckers and fresh bullhead (Columbian planting) at least one (1) week old should be used for faster growth.Recommended sucker size and height for replanting:Sword Sucker1.Giant Cavendish - 1.75 meter2.Umalag/dwarf - 1.5 meterBull Head1.Giant Cavendish - 1.75 tall2.Umalag/dwarf - 1.5 tallFrequency of Operation:Under normal conditions, replanting is done twice a year or more. Schedule is determined in every farm.Materials and Equipment Requirement:1.Bolo2.Spade or shovel3.Meter stick4.Desuckering bar5.Furadan 3G6.Calibrating cup (30 grams)7
POPULATION CONTROL OF BANANA PLANT 2007-12-14 20:14:00 Banana plants that are allowed to grow and applied with inputs should be those which can bear quality fruit. Quality fruits come normally from healthy plant. Weak and disease-infected plants bear fruits of inferior quality, which is unacceptable for export. They just complete intakes of nutrients, water and sunlight with the healthy plants.Clumping and over shading are the results of overpopulated areas. Fruits are more likely to get bruised. Aerial spray is intercepted by many overlapping canopies of older plants, thereby, leaving younger plants unprotected to sigatoka. Uncontrolled location of follower would destroy the desirable planting pattern which may reduce efficiency in operation.Types of Population ControlPopulation control is composed of two (2) closely related operations, namely:1.Sucker pruning2.ReplantingSucker pruning is eliminating undesired followers and having one follower only in every mat to become as the next production unit. The best follower is selected based on
PLANT POPULATION COUNT IN BANANA PLANTATION 2007-12-14 20:09:00 Population count provides information about distribution, age and stages (e.g. baggable, harvestable) of plants. The results are basis for making replanting program and production estimates for next fiscal year. This operation is carried out usually after sucker pruning. The frequency of count is four (4) times a year with the last count preferably in week 40 as this will be used for production estimate for the next year.Objective:1.To determine the population density (EPU) Effective Productive Unit2.As a basis for replanting program and preparation for a long term projectionMaterials and Equipment Requirement:1.Eighty (80) meters rope (divide into four at 20 meter)2.Paper and Pencil3.Population Count Form3.One (1) reader and one (1) recorderProcedure:1.Measure a square 20 meter X 20 meter area and make sure that all the plants inside the square must be accounted and recorded2.Record the following information:2.a Effective Productive Unit (EPU). Any plant either shooting or not, with a
Drainage in Banana Plantation 2007-12-14 20:02:00 Drainage canals are constructed purposely to bring down water table to the desired level when it is high enough to cause physiological damage to the plant. The removal of excess water can be done through construction of an ditch or close ditch.Drainage Objectives:With proper installed drainage, the following benefits maybe realized.1.Removal of excess water, since this will lead to physiological defect on the banana2.Improve decay and nitrification with favorable temperature and supply of oxygen, there is more intense bacterial activity and combined with other factors results in better soil granulations.3.Increased leaching of salt in some areas where saline water is a problem, good drainage practice prevents accumulation of salts and prevents its upward rise to the soil surface during excessive evaporation.4.Minimized soil erosion and gullying. The surface soil is readily exposed to infiltration when heavy rains fall, the excess water can move downward easily.5.Improved sanitary and h
SOP FOR SYSTEM MAINTENANCE 2007-12-14 01:45:00 Maintenance is the goal of every huge or small company to preserve or prolong the life of their system. Proper maintenance and manual of every equipment is their bible to obtain higher production. This may help those who want to maintain their system. Here are some SOP for system maintenance in irrigation system of banana plantation.What to bring during irrigation operation in the area?1. Area map per pump with complete set pairings/color coded, valve number, operating time - this is to locate and determine the time of valve that will irrigation in scheduled time based on evaporation reading and determine the valve area coverage2. Materials for repair - use to repair ad replace broken and missing irrigation parts3. Fertilizer's sack bag - this where the spare parts are placed during operation4. Sprinklers - to replace broken sprinklers5. Primer and glue - use to repair broken pipes5. Tools -use as to repair6. Connectors -7. Rug8. WatchProcedures - during irrigation1. De
SOP OF IRRIGATION OPERATION IN REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE 2007-12-14 01:33:00 UNDERTREEFully open the control valveWalk to the beginning of the lateral in a valve blockFlush lateral individually, one at a timeMove to each end lateral and continue flushing activityRepair lateral leaks and nozzle clog-upsProceed to the nearest valve of the set with operationReport to your supervisor the total accomplishment for the day, including all repairs undertakenMICROFully open the control valveWalk to the beginning of the lateral in a valve blockFlush lateral individually, one at a timeMove to each end lateral and continue flushing activityRepair lateral leaks and nozzle clog-ups, replace defective nozzle, and position the micro stands upright.Proceed to the nearest valve of the sets with operation.Report to your supervisor the total accomplishment for the day, including all repairs undertakenDRIPFully open the control valveWalk to the beginning of the lateral in a valve blockFlush lateral individually one at a timeMove to each end lateral and continue flushing activityRepa
SOP OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN IRRIGATION OPERATION 2007-12-14 01:23:00 Irrigation operation Flow ChartA. FOR SUPERVISORS1.Check the climate data (evap. and rainfall) and the physical data (water level and quality) first thing in the morning before assembly time. See to it that all pumping stations are all ready and functional.2.Decide whether to irrigate or not to irrigate from the climate data gathered.3.Unit Supervisors assembles their respective Irrigation Crews at 5:30 a.m. after the decision has been made for the operation of that particular day. The assembly starts with a prayer and followed by checking of attendance and giving of instructions.4.Re-check the system at 11:00 o'clock in the morning and 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon.a. Pump Stations.b. Water Level5.Prepare Purchase Requisition (P.R.) for all needed materials which are not available in the warehouse.5.Report to Manager all accomplishments for the day.B. FOR PUMP OPERATORS1.Clean the filters at least 5 times a day.2.Check the required water level in the irrigation canal or at tempora
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