Owner: Banana Industry Tour URL:http://bananaindustrytour.blogspot.com Join Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2007 01:55:32 -0600 Rating:0 Site Description: A tour to banana industry from land preparation to shipping plus news on bananas Site statistics:Click here
SOP of Irrigation Installation 2007-12-14 01:01:00 Irrigation Installation
flow chartA. PRE-INSTALLATIONStage 1 Design ReviewStudy the design carefully.Verify and clarify any doubts on the design to the design in-charge.Conduct an ocular inspection in the field and look if the design concurs the actual situation.Request and prepare the materials required.Stage 2 Survey and StakingSurvey and staking of mainline location.Survey and staking of sub-mainline location in accordance to control valve location.Survey and staking of manifold location in accordance to block length.Survey and staking of lateral line in accordance to block width.Survey and staking of sprinkler location at the right spacing.Stage 3 ExcavationExcavate mainline trench canal at 0.80m to 1.0m depth with 0.50m top width.Excavate sub-mainline trench canal at 0.60m to 0.80m depth with 0.40m top width.Excavate manifold line trench canal at 0.40m to 0.60m depth with 0.30m top width.Excavate lateral line trench canal at 0.30m depth with 0.20m top width.Excavation of box type
How to compute the operating hours in irrigation operation for water application? 2007-12-14 00:48:00 Irrigation is the artificial application of water
to the soil to provide enough moisture for plant growth. The water requirement of banana plant is 2 inches or 50.8 mm per week or .28 inches per day or 7.2 mm per day but it will depend on the type of soil and climate of the area. The roots penetration of banana plants is approximately 1.5 meters below the ground. The available water beyond this line is not useful to supplement the plant water requirements and this time irrigation is only way to provide the needs of the plants unless there is sufficient or heavy rainfall.There are parameters and guidelines in applying irrigation to the plant.First, we have to compute the precipitation rate (PR). How to compute?Formula:PR = Q/AWhere:Q = is the capacity of sprinkler head / nozzle in gpm (gallon per minute)Refer to manual of sprinklers discharge or you can actual test it discharge per second or minute in 10 to 20 trails and get the average to gather the actual discharge।Example:Sprinkler
WEIGHING OF BANANA HANDS 2007-12-21 00:20:00 Weighing is done to ensure that the individual hands and the total box weight are within the desired ranges. Through generally lesser emphasized, this section is also a very important one as:a) A considerable amount of fruit can lost due to to extra weight.b) A good amount of fruit damamge especially bruising occursc) the success of our crown spray depends largely on fruit alignment position during weighing.Very Important Reminders:1. Tray must clean of any trash or crown trimming2. Scale must reset to zero properlySOP of Weighing Banana Hands1. Weigher checks/verifies properly the weighing scale using test weights prior to start of the operation to prevent overweighing and underweighing of banana hands2. Allows at least 15 minuts floatation and delatexing time in floatation tank before wieghing the conforming banana hands and clusters.3. Weigher cleans the fruit tray as needed and places the fruit tray on the weighing platform prior to weighing4. Places fruit tray on the platform of w
DEHANDING 2007-12-21 00:07:00 Dehanding is the process by which the hands are segregated from the stalk. During this process, the dehander must see to it that sufficient stalk tissues and crown remain for the following reasons:1. Allow the selectors to properly trim2. Minimize crown cuts which makes crowns more susceptible to molds3. Prevent finger loss and leave a strong crown. To avoid bruising, dehanding should stop under the following circumstances:1. If the dehanding tank is exceed in 75% full.2. If waterpressure is too low. The water pressure must be sufficient to force the fruits to float from dehanding to the selection side of the tank.Both measure will prevent hands from coming into sharp contact with each other in the dehanding tank.Important factors to be observed:1. Under normal circumstances and continuous operation, one dehander should be able to keep up with three selectors. as much, there is no need to hurry up dehanding nor overfill the tank with fruits at any time.2. Rollers should be hanged to be
WEED CONTROL 2007-12-20 23:58:00 One factor that hinder the healthy growth of banana plants is weeds. If not given attention, this will choke the plants and suck the nutrients that we give for our banana plant. Weeds are competitors of all nutrients, water and carbon dioxide that is intended for our crops. This will also serve as the alternative host for pest and diseases that will harm to our banana fruit. Uncontrolled weeds cause delays in field operations. Weeds will also hamper drainage movement along canals. weeds is hazardous to health and about 20% of total production cost is spent on wood control. Weedy farms or plantations are not also friendly to all workers inside the farms cause snakes and poisonous animals will live with it.Objective:1. To suppress the growth or eradicating the plant specie that interfere with man's interest2. To elimate competitors for the healthy growth of banana plant3. To make our the farms friendly to all workers4. To eliminate pest and poisonous animalsWhat is weeds?1. Unwanted
PROPPING / GUYING 2007-12-20 23:54:00 Propping is the process of installing materials to support the bunch from tip-overs and blowndown.OBJECTIVES:1. To provide adequate support to the fruit bearing plants2. To prevent fruit damages and field fruit losses due to tip-overs3. To help the plants by maintaining its correct position for an ideal fruit developmentMaterials Needed:1. Bamboo poles, treated poles2. Bamboo ladder3. Knife4. Nylon Twine a) 1.75 meters for propping b) 7 meters for guyingProcedure:A) Propping1. Use bamboo poles/treated poles that are durable and can last for at least three months2. Remove all fruit obstacles3. Prop only the plant with buds definitely bent downward4. Install the props in a scissor type position before tying. Include 2-3 young leaves in tying to prevent stalk breakage5. After the poles are tied, poles are to be re-adjusted into a tripod position giving more emphasis that the weight of the bunch will be supported by each prop.6. The bunch should fully hang in between the two props with ap
PLASTIC INSERT 2007-12-20 23:48:00 Plastic insert is the process of inserting plastic materials inside the bunch or between the first and second layer of the hands to guide the lower layer not to bruise or touch the upper layer of the hands of banana fruit. This will also guide the hand to improve hand formation.Objective:To minimize fruit bruising incidence and improve hand formation.Materials Needed:1. Bamboo ladder2. Fruit roller3. Plastic Insert (half moon shape)Sizes:Green 15X 7.75 X 0.004White 20 X 7.75 X 0.004Procedure:1. Identify the bunches subject for plastic insert2. Position the bambbo ladder against the pseudostem of the identified bunch3. Carefully full the polybag upward and place on the first hand4. Install plastic insert with full deflowering and partial defingering, starting from the first hand down to the last true hand.5. Enclose plastic insert in the inner whorl fingers of the hand6. Carefully full/bring d[wn the polybag7. Loop at one end of the bottom of the polybag to secure plastic inserts in pl
SELECTING BANANA HANDS 2007-12-20 23:43:00 Selection is the process whereby one determines whether:a) a ahand meets the desired standardb) to apply the neccessary procedures to make the hand/cluster more acceptable. Such may entail finger removal, hand trimming, washing, measuring for compliance of finger lenght.c) to cluster a hand - if it does not meet the standard in the best possible way to maximize recoveryd) to trim the hand/cluster, removing the stalk portion while leaving as much crown as possible.as an initial inspection, determine whether the hand is possible or not. This should be done before trimming to save time should it turn out that the land must be clustered. (you may have not trimmed yet). In addition, this will allow for proper cluster trimming.Once passable as a hand, trim the crown by removing the stalk tissues in three strokes, while minimize cutting into the crown proper nor or on the finger stalk portions.In trimming, first make a cut on the front of the crown. The movement of the knife should be away fr
PACKAGING / PROCESSING 2007-12-20 23:37:00 Processing is post-harvest operation designed prior to marketing. It includes packaging, processing and exporting bananas based on specifications and fruit quality standards. Packaging is the most senstive and critical area as the final product can be damaged and made worthless in this operation. Extreme care must be taken and the people to be assigned in this section should be those who can can effectively pack a box of fruit without bruising or pack in such a way that hands will not be damaged by box handling. They must also keep pace with the other operation in the packing house. It is in this process of asssuring all fruits that pass the quality specifications required by the market are placed in the box.Objectives:1. To achieve the full coordination between field harvest and packing operation with regards to: a.) Adequate and controlled distribution opf manpower inpacking house and field harvestb.) Continuous supply of fruits from the field to the packing house which can minimize
NEMATICIDE APPLICATION 2007-12-20 23:32:00 Nematicide application is important to control "Nematodes" in the soil that feeds on the roots, cutting-off nutrients and water uptake resulting to poor plant growth and lessen bunch weight. The weakening of the anchorage will also result to fruit losses as a consequence of tip-over. Nematodes are microscopic organism with slender, cylindical unsegmented bodies tapering towards the head and tail. They are also known as round worms, thread worm, ell-worms about 0.5 to 2.0 mm in size. They are parasites and attach the roots of banana by the use of their stylet which injure the plant tissue and cause abnormal cell enlargement.Objectives:1.To control Nematode in order to attain and maintain its full production potentials 2.To provide a helathy system to banana plant.Symptoms of Plant Affected by Nematodes: 1. Reduction in number of hands per bunch 2. Small indivdual fruits 3. Very little response to fertilizer application, irrigation and etc.Materials Needed:1. Poke Hole 2. Calibrated cups
HARVESTING OPERATION 2007-12-20 23:18:00 OBJECTIVES:1. To collect harvestable fruits for production.2. To harvest and deliver fruits of the right age and cutting specifications in a given time.To minimize rejections that are controllable during harvesting.Most harvesters error during harvest:1. Overcalibration2. Under calibration3. Grounded 4. Neck Injury5. Ripe6. Miss out7. Miss cut8. Knife cuts9. Fresh Latex10. Pads scarring11. Harvesting bruise12. Damages on foilowers and irrigation sprinklersDefinition of terms:1. Harvestable buinch - when the fruitis mature enough to yield high recovery and give desirable eating quality when ripened but should remain unripe until it reaches the market. The ideal calibration is 44.2. Calibration - determining the diameter of the fingers (1/32 of an inch)3. Carero - manual pulling of harvested bunches using fruit rollers mounted on cable lines.4. Aerial tractor - mechanized pulling of harvested bunches through the cable lines5 Cutting - the term given of what calibration and color ribbon t
Fertilization 2007-12-20 23:06:00 Fertilization is the process of applying nutrients needed for the plants. Objectives:1. To maintain and upgrade the nutritional condition of the soil to maximize production per unit area. 2. To prevent nutritional disorders, pest and diseases which may relate to nutritional inbalances.Methodology:1. Spread evenly/uniformly around the base of the follower 2. Use of calibrated cup to maintain uniformity of delivery per mat 3. Avoid waste, maximize the usage of inputs if possibleKinds of commercial Fertilizers A. Inorganic Fertilizer 1. Urea 2. Muriate of Potash 3. ammonium Sulphate 4. zinc SuplhateB. Organic Fertilizer 1. Chicken Dung 2. Mudpress 3. Cattle manureC. Ameliorants1. Calcitic Lime Methods of fertilizer Applicatiuon 1. Localized Placementa. Applying fertilizer in front of follower 30-60 cm. in half moon mannerb. Arround the mat for replants.2. Fertigationa. Via drip or undertree irrigationb. availability of nutrients within the root zonec. Reduce application cost3. Foliara. N
BUNCH SAMPLING 2007-12-20 23:00:00 Bunch sampling is important to obtain useful information for the computation of fruit loss, assessment of the effects of the cultural practices and growth patterns of the fruit.Every 10th bunch should serve as samples for both weights and calibration of the middle portion of the center finger of the outer whorl of the second hand by the use of the caliper. The caliper normally used is gauged at 1/32 of an inch meaning that one (1) inch is equal to 32 units. Thus, a calibration of 48, fruit is actually one with diameter of 1.5 inches.After getting the calibration, weight the bunch and mark the stalk with the corresponding bunch weights. After dehanding, the weight of the stalk should be taken and deducted from the bunch weight to arrive at the net bunch weight.Finally, noting the number of hands has also an important side as this tells you the growth patterns of bananas.Materials and equipment needed:1. Calibrated dial caliper 2. Tape measurement 3. Weighing scale4. Bunch sampling form
BAGGING OPERATION 2007-12-20 22:52:00 Banana fruits are vulnerable to insect damage caused by scarring weevil, mealy bugs and others. Scarring weevil (philicaptus iliganus, heller) is identified by its metallic green scale of irregular pattern on the elytra, thorax, head and abdomen. It has no hindwings but the elytra is firmly united at the suture. This insect feeds along the ridges of banana fruit, at the base of the youngest leaf veins and on the flower bracks. This feeding habits leaves undesirable scars which cause fruit rejection in the market.The adult mealybud is identified by its soft body with powdery wax. It infest the fruit bunch, psuedostem, sucker and the base of the young leaf. It excretes a honey dew which attack fungi and forms an unsightly apperance of mold on the peel of the fruits. This again cause fruit rejection.Bagging is the process of enclosing the fruits with chemically treated polybag (Lorsban Bag) to protect from insects and fungi entry.Objectives:1. To prevent or minimize fruit rejection due to
Measure Essential to Control Sigatoka 2008-01-01 21:13:00 1. Avoid high density planting to prevent overlapping of leaf canopy. This could create microclimatic that is favorable to the development of disease. The recommended population level per unit area and the spacing between plants must be followed to ensure even distribution of fungicides.2. Remove diseased leaves from infected plants to reduce sources of inoculom. Total deleafing must be done if the infected leaf area is more than 50% while leaves with less 50% infection must only be trimmed.3. Immediately drain excess water from heavy rain and from irrigation to avoid waterlogging which produces high humidity favorable for disease development.4. Proper nutritional balance must be maintained. Vigorous plants are less susceptible to sigatoka. Imbalances in potassium Read more:Measure
, Essential
, Control
Measure Essential to Control Sigatoka 2008-01-01 21:13:00 1. Avoid high density planting to prevent overlapping of leaf canopy. This could create microclimatic that is favorable to the development of disease. The recommended population level per unit area and the spacing between plants must be followed to ensure even distribution of fungicides.2. Remove diseased leaves from infected plants to reduce sources of inoculom. Total deleafing must be done if the infected leaf area is more than 50% while leaves with less 50% infection must only be trimmed.3. Immediately drain excess water from heavy rain and from irrigation to avoid waterlogging which produces high humidity favorable for disease development.4. Proper nutritional balance must be maintained. Vigorous plants are less susceptible to sigatoka. Imbalances in potassium Read more:Measure
, Essential
, Control
SIGATOKA LEAF SPOTS DISEASE 2008-01-01 21:10:00 A. Economic ImportanceSigatoka leaf spots are the most economically important disease of bananas within the last 25 years. these diseases could reduce yield by as much 50%. Sigatoka control is approxiamately 26% of the total cost of producing a box of banana.Here are the total sigatoka control cost in the following country:1. Philippines = P12,500 per hectare per year 19912. Costa Rica = $1,260 per hectare per year 1992-1996B. Origin Distribution and Causal OrganismSigatoka leaf spots = 3 closely related pathogen1. Yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola) - originally recorded in Java 1902, Fuji 1912 in sigatoka valley inViti, Levu2. Black leaf Streak - Mycosphaerella fijiensis - Fiji, 19633. Black Sigatoka - Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis Honduras, 1972C. Effect on growth, yiel
PRE-HARVEST AND POST HARVEST DISEASE 2008-01-01 21:07:00 1. Pre-harvestA. Diamond spotCausal organism: Cereospora havi sometimes in conjunction with Fusarium spp.Symptoms:Characterized by black, sunken, diamond-shaped lesions which appear as fruit approaches harvesting grades.First symptoms are slightly raised yellow spots. 3-5 mm in diameter on the green peel. A longitudinal crack surrounded by a yellow halo develops as the fruit grows.Control:Fungicide application weekly prior to complete finger emergence and bagging.B. Finger RotCausal organism: Botryodiplodia theobromaeSpores of the pathogen dispersed by wind or rain from decaying banana trash are primary sources of inoculum. Infection occurs through wounds or via decaying flowers uniformly as a dark brown watery rot.The disease may be controlled by prevention of injury, teatment with fungic
FRECKLE AND CORDANA LEAF SPOT DISEASE 2008-01-01 21:03:00 FRECKLE A. Causal Organism: Phyllostictina MusarumB. Symptoms:Freckle disease is a common blemish on the older leaves of banana. It consist of numerous rough black spots formed by the pycinidia of the fungus. Spots may coalense to form large blackened areas on the upper leaf surface. The fungus may infect the leaf lamina of the young unfurled leaves and a streak of infected leaf tissue along its path down the base of the leaf lamina.The disease causes serious defoliation of banana plants and the inocumum on the leaves can spread to the fruits and cause blemishing on the fruits, thus reducing fruit quality.C. Spread:The disease primarily spread by dew and rain splashes. A tremendous amount of pynidiospore are released a few seconds after diseases tissue are wetted. The disease developm
FRUIT REJECTION CLASSIFICATION 2008-01-01 20:46:00 1. Operational defects2. Harvesting/hauling operations defects3. Physiological defects4. Other defects1. Opeartional defects - are rejections due to different field operation deficiencies such as:a. Chemical burn - is a defect caused by over delivery of chemical solution in bud injection operation. Injection of early peeping buds may also result to chemical burn. It can be avoided by regularly calibrating the discharge of the injection needle and by injecting the buds at its right stage (when the bud is 3/4 exposed)b. Corky scab - is the rejection caused by the infestation of insect pest specifically the flower thrips. It appears as a brown graph forming like map which starts in the last hand of the bunch. It occurs when buds are not injected or the injection is late.c. Fruit scab - is
WEDGING 2007-12-31 00:42:00 Young suckers of banana plant will sprout at the side of its mother and if not pruned properly these will cause bruises to banana fruit. This operation was not recognize on the past days but because of the rampant rejection due to old bruises, this operation was created to solve the problem. Objective:1) To prevent the fruits from bruising caused by the followers, direct / orient the followers away from the bunch using bamboo poles, dry stem or twine.2) To guide the growing followers, so that the leaves will not touch the developing bunch.3) Eliminate old bruise rejectionCycling / Standardsa) 1 manday per 100 has.b) Cycled every two weeksProcedures:1.) Look for banana plants usually shot plant with 3-5 months old follower.2.) Initiate wedging using strips of banana shealth from the pseudo
Principles of Plant Disease Control 2007-12-31 00:35:00 All known methods of plant disease control are based on 4 fundamental principles:a) Exclusionb) Eradicationc) Protectiond) ImmunizationBy aPPlying exclusionary and eradicatory methods, efforts are directed towards the pathogen. Protection and immunization practices concern on the suspect.A) ExclusionExclusion -preventing the pathogens by whatever means and methods from entering and establishing themselves in the uninvaed areas.1. Interception - accomplished at the ports of entry such as airports, seaports, international boundaries, receiving points. Inspector has to conduct critical inspection of all suspects such plants, plant parts.2. Elimination of the pathogen at the point of entry or origin is accomplihed through disinfection and disinfestation3. Prohibition - practiced through quaran Read more:Control
, Principles
, Plant
Plant Disease 2007-12-31 00:31:00 Disease - is a harmful change in the normal physiological and biochemical development of a plant. It is also an interaction between the susceptible host and a pathogens under a certain environment. Disease can be readily distinguisheded through their characteristics symptoms and signs.Various agents, either biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living), acting singly or in combination, causes disease to crops.a) biotic agents -fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, viroids and mycosplasma like organismsb) abiotic agents - are either deficiences of micro and macro elements in the soil. low or high temperature, pollutants and other ecological factors in the agro-ecosystemPATHOGENSPathogens are biotic, parasitic, infectious agents which cause disease in plants. These are the fungi, bacteria, viruses Read more:Plant
CHOPPING TIP-OVER 2007-12-31 00:28:00 Objective:To maintain good sanitation and prevent prolonged damamge to neighboring plants.No of cycles:once a weekStandard Accomplishment:11 hectares per dayTools and Other Materials:1. Tumbling bolo2. Empty sacks for polybags and ribbons3. Formalin or dowicide4. ScabbardStandard Operating Procedures:1. Chop tip-over plants into small pieces and observe proper trash management.2. For tip-over bagged bunches, remove the Lorsban plastic and ribbon before chopping. Lorsban should be placed inside the empty sack and return to farm bodega or warehouse.3. Props from tip-over plants should be placed in nearby stump with V-cut portion to prevent deterioration and maintain cleanliness.4. Never place debris in any functional canal or cableway.5. Report to the Supervisor accomplishment (number of tip Read more:CHOPPING
VIRAL DISEASES OF BANANA 2007-12-31 00:26:00 Symptoms:1. Abnormal color2. Dwarfing3. Stunting4. Rosetting (shortening of the internodes)5. Witches broom (excessive budding and branching)6. Decline of the whole plantA) Bunchy top - virus disease transmitted by an aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa)Symptoms:1) Margin of the symptom leaf become yellowish which curls upward while new developing leaf is smaller than the preceeding leaf.2) Severly infected banana with leaves that are branched or grouped together at the point of emergence resulting in abnormally sized plants.B) Banana MosaicSymptoms:1) Early symptoms consist of small white and yellow spots which are usually cionfined to one side of the leaf.2) Bands or stripes that is whitish to yellowish green in color under field conditions on the leaf.3) at a much later stage, the leaves bec Read more:DISEASES
Panama and Bacterial Fruit Rot disease 2007-12-31 00:20:00 Panama Disease (Fusarium Wilt)External symptoms:Characteristic yellowing of the lower or outer leaf blades which develops as a vbivid band along the margin and subsequently spreads inwards the midrib. The leaves undergo rapid wilting and within a day or two, the petiole buckles and the leaf hangs down between the pseudostem and lamina until only the topmost or innermost leaf remains.Internal symptoms:When a panama disease
d rhizome is cut transversely, the vascular strands will be be seen as yellow, red or brownish dots and streaks. In advanced infections, the diseases vascular strands of the rhizome are more numerous and deeply -stained, dark red and reddish brown colors eventually becoming purple and black.Other symptoms and characteristics:1) common in Latundan and Lacatan varieties2) Ra Read more:Panama
, Bacterial
, Fruit
Diamond Spot and Bunchy-Tops disease 2007-12-31 00:13:00 Diamond SpotCommon names : Diamond spotCausal organisms: Fusarium roseum Distribution: Banana Growing areasSymptoms:1. Become serious during rainy season. Little difficult to distinguish from black pitting disease
except in its early and late stages.2. Early symptoms is slightly raised, yellow blemish about 3 - 5 mm. in diameter on the peel of the fruit.3. Cells within the infected area do not develop.4. Longitudinal crack develops. Spot appears at the stage with an increase in lenght.5. Spots become necrotic and their size range from 1 to 3.5 cms. in lenght and from 0.5 to 1.5 cms. in width.Control of fruit spots1. Fruit obstacle removal (FOR)2. Bunch spray with fungicides like topsin, baycor and dithane.Bunchy-TopsInsect vector : Pentalonia nignonervosaDistribution: austria, asia, Fuji,
PACKING OF BANANA HANDS 2007-12-31 00:11:00 SOP of Banana Hands Packing1.Packer gets formed box and marks properly the box body with the corresponding packer number for identification and traceability.2. Packer places properly the bottom pad inside the box body to prevent bruising.3. Packer puts properly the polyliner or vacuum bag inside the box body above the bottom pad to prevent bruising.4.Packer unfolds the upper part of the polyliner or vacuum bag at the edge of the box to place properly rthe banana hands.5. Packer picks up properly the banana hands from the fruit tray one by one and arranges the banana hands in conformity with the quality specificationsof the buyer to avoid crown ride and packaging bruise or scarring.6. Packer folds the edge of the polyliner or vacuum bag.7. Packer places properly the empty fruit tray on the
Mosaic and Moko Disease 2007-12-31 00:04:00 Common names: Infectious chlorosis, Heart rot, Virus shealth rotCaused : Cucumber mosaic virusInsect vector: Aphis maydis Fitch sphis gossypil GlorDistribution : Central Amrica, P.R. China, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia Symptoms:1) Youngest with the light green or yellowish streaks and bands resulting motting.2) Mottling or variegation may be parallel to the veins giving the leaves a striped apperance.3) Leaf margins become wavy.4) blothches of necrotic tissues and leaf lamina is reduced in month5) Abnormal thickening of leaf veins making them prominent.6) Leaf shealths pull away easily from the pseudostem.7) Bunches produced sometimes are extended horizontally rather than hanging soon.8) Others they stick up right from the crown of the plant9) Bunches are distorted in shape and reduced i Read more:Mosaic
Disease Management-The concept of a pest: 2007-12-30 23:56:00 Pest are living organism causing economic harm to us and stir resources ( e.g. crops, animals, building, clothingand other properties). Economic harm is incurred when the value of the damage is higher than the cost of controilling it. when the population is below the economic level, it is not considered a pest.Kinds of Pest:1. Weeds2. Pathogens3. Insects4. Other invertebrates (mites, nematodes)5. Vertebrates (rodents, birds, bats, swine, monkeys, goats and other vertebrates)Other classification of pests:1. Based on their origina) Endemic - local in originb) Exotic - intoduced from outside the locality2. Based on abundance - in order to determine which species are always causing economic harm to our cropsa) potential (minor pests) - usually endemic species that are found in the field at lo Read more:Management
Recommend Site To A Friend
