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2007-11-24 03:46:00
[edit] Pointers Pascal supports the use of pointers: type a = ^b; b = record x: Integer; y: Char; z: a end;var pointer_to_b: a; Here the variable pointer_to_b is a pointer to the data type b, a record. Pointers can be used before they are declared. This is an exception to the rule that things must be declared before they are used. To create a new record and assign the values 10 and A to the fields a and b in the record, the commands would be; new(pointer_to_b); pointer_to_b^.x := 10; pointer_to_b^.y := 'A'; pointer_to_b^.z := nil;... This could also be done using the with statement, as follows new(pointer_to_b); with pointer_to_b^ do begin x := 10; y := 'A'; z := nil end;... Note that inside of the scope of the with statement, the compiler knows that a and b refer to the subfields of the record pointer pointer_to_b and not to the record b or the pointer type a. Linked lists, stacks and queues can be created by including a pointer ty


Language constructs 1
2007-11-24 03:43:00
Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural language and includes the traditional array of Algol-like control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so on. However, pascal also has many data structuring facilities and other abstractions which were not included in the original Algol60, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. Such constructs were in part inherited or inspired from Simula67, Algol68, and Niklaus Wirth's own AlgolW. [edit] Hello world Pascal programs start with the program keyword with a list of external file descriptors as parameters; then follows the main statement block encapsulated by the begin and end keywords. Semicolons separate statements, and the full stop ends the whole program (or unit). Letter case is ignored in Pascal source. Some compilers, Turbo Pascal among them, have made the program keyword optional. Here is an example of the source code in use for a very simple program: program HelloWo


Implementations Pascal
2007-11-24 03:40:00
The first Pascal compiler was designed in Zurich for the CDC 6000 series mainframe computer family. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to implement it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful due to Fortran's inadequacy to express complex data structures. The second attempt was formulated in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. Many Pascal compilers since have been similarly self-hosting, that is, the compiler is itself written in Pascal, and the compiler is usually capable of recompiling itself when new features are added to the language, or when the compiler is to be ported to a new environment. The GNU Pascal compiler is one notable exception, being written in C. The first successful port of the CDC Pascal compiler to another mainframe was completed by Welsh and Quinn at the Queen's University of Belfast in 1972. The target was the ICL 1900 computer. The first Pascal compiler written in North America was constructed at the University of Illinois under Don
Read more: Implementations

Brief description
2007-11-24 03:39:00
Wirth's intention was to create an efficient language (regarding both compilation speed and generated code) based on so-called structured programming, a concept which had recently become popular. Pascal has its roots in the Algol 60 language, but also introduced concepts and mechanisms which (on top of Algol's scalars and arrays) enabled the programmer to define his or her own complex (structured) datatypes, and also made it easier to build dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs. Important features included for this were records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically allocated variables with associated pointers, and sets. To make this possible and meaningful, Pascal has a strong typing on all objects, which means that one type of data cannot be converted or interpreted as another without explicit conversions. Similar mechanisms are standard in many programming languages today. Other languages that influenced Pascal's development were COBOL, ALGOL 68, Si
Read more: Brief , description

History of Pascal
2007-11-24 03:38:00
Pascal is based on the ALGOL programming language and named in honor of mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Wirth subsequently developed the Modula-2 and Oberon, languages similar to Pascal, and earlier, also the language Euler.Initially, Pascal was a language intended to teach students structured programming, and generations of students have "cut their teeth" on Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Variants of Pascal are still widely used today, for example Free Pascal can be used in both 32 and 64 bit formats, and all types of Pascal programs can be used for both education and software development.Examples of usagePascal was the primary high-level language used for development in the Apple Lisa, and in the early years of the Mac; parts of the original Macintosh operating system were hand-translated into Motorola 68000 assembly language from the Pascal sources. The popular typesetting system TeX by Donald E. Knuth was written in WEB, the original liter
Read more: Pascal , History

PASCAL tutorial
2007-11-18 09:08:00
This page is dedicated to teaching you to program with Borland Turbo Pascal, easily and quickly. We assume no prior programming experience but at least a basic knowledge of algebra. We provide you with all the software you will need, so if you want to learn how to program then you have come to the right place. Why Learn Pascal? We thought long and hard about this question. Pascal is a basic and easy to learn language. Using it teaches you important programming principles which can be applied to most other programming languages. It will also teach you skills to think through ta sks and also other skills which can be applied to many areas, including some outside computing, such as task management etc. But the most important reason to learn pascal is because it's fun and interesting. (We hope) What would I use Pascal for? You would use Pascal for the same things you would use any programming language. This is things such as: making games or the like, making databases, or performing r


Learn Pascal Programming Tutorial Lesson 2 - Colors, Coordinates, Windows and Sound
2007-11-16 15:08:00
Colors To change the color of the text printed on the screen we use the TextColor command. program Colors;uses crt;begin TextColor(Red); Writeln('Hello'); TextColor(White); Writeln('world');end. The TextBackground command changes the color of the background of text. If you want to change the whole screen to a certain color then you must use ClrScr. program Colors;uses crt;begin TextBackground(Red); Writeln('Hello'); TextColor(White); ClrScr;end. Screen coordinates You can put the cursor anywhere on the screen using the GoToXY command. In DOS, the screen is 80 characters wide and 25 characters high. The height and width varies on other platforms. You may remember graphs from Maths which have a X and a Y axis. Screen coordinates work in a similar way. Here is an example of how to move the cursor to the 10th column in the 5th row. program Coordinates;uses crt;begin GoToXY(10,5); Writeln('Hello');end. Windows Windows let you define a part of the screen t
Read more: Pascal , Programming , Tutorial , Colors , Sound

Learn Pascal Programming Tutorial Lesson 1 - Introduction to Pascal
2007-11-16 15:07:00
About Pascal The Pascal programming language was created by Niklaus Wirth in 1970. It was named after Blaise Pascal, a famous French Mathematician. It was made as a language to teach programming and to be reliable and efficient. Pascal has since become more than just an academic language and is now used commercially. What you will need Before you start learning Pascal, you will need a Pascal compiler. This tutorial uses the Free Pascal Compiler. You can find a list of other Pascal compilers at TheFreeCountry's Pascal compiler list. Your first program The first thing to do is to either open your IDE if your compiler comes with one or open a text editor. We always start a program by typing its name. Type program and the name of the program next to it. We will call our first program "Hello" because it is going to print the words "Hello world" on the screen. program Hello; Next we will type begin and end. We are going to type the main body of the program between these 2 keywords
Read more: Programming , Tutorial , Introduction

THE SIMPLE PASCAL DATA TYPE
2007-11-14 17:24:00
WHAT IS A DATA TYPE? A type in Pascal, and in several other popular programming languages, defines a variable in such a way that it defines a range of values which the variable is capable of storing, and it also defines a set of operations that are permissible to be performed on variables of that type. TURBO Pascal has eight basic data types which are predefined and can be used anywhere in a program provided you use them properly. This chapter is devoted to illustrating the use of these eight data types by defining the allowable range of values that can be assigned to them, and by illustrating the operations that can be done to variables of these types. The eight types and a very brief description follows; integer Whole numbers from -32768 to 32767 byte The integers from 0 to 255 real Floating point numbers from 1E-38 to 1E+38 boolean Can only have the value TRUE or FALSE char Any character in the ASCII character set shortint The integers from


GETTING STARTED IN PASCAL
2007-11-14 17:23:00
YOUR FIRST PASCAL PROGRAM Example program ------> TRIVIAL.PAS Lets get right into a program that really does nothing, but is an example of the most trivial Pascal program. Load Turbo Pascal, then load TRIVIAL.PAS into the integrated environment as a work file. This assumes you have been successful in learning how to use the TURBO Pascal system. You should now have the most trivial Pascal program possible on your display, and we can take a look at each part to define what it does. The first line is required in the standard Pascal definition and contains the program name which can be any name you like, as long as it follows the rules for an identifier given in the next section. It can have no blanks, otherwise it would be considered as two words and it would confuse the compiler. The first word program is the first of the reserved words mentioned earlier and it is the indicator to the Pascal compiler that this is the name of the program. The second word, Puppy_Dog, is the pr


WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
2007-11-14 17:21:00
THIS CHAPTER IS FOR NEW PROGRAMMERS If you are a complete novice to computers you will find the information in this chapter useful. If however, you have had some experience with programming, you can completely ignore this chapter. It will deal with a few fundamentals of computers in general and will introduce nothing that is specific to Pascal. WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM? A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has the ability to perform mathematical operations very rapidly and very accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid of a program written by a human being. Moreover, if the human being writes a program that turns good data into garbage, the computer will very obediently, and very rapidly, turn the good data into garbage. It is possible to write a computer program with one small error in it that will do that very thing, and in some cases appear to be generating good data. It is up to the human programmer to design a program to achieve the desired res


INTRODUCTION
2007-11-14 17:20:00
IF YOU KNOW NOTHING ABOUT PASCAL Assuming that you know nothing at all about Pascal, and in fact, that you may know nothing about programming in general, we will begin to study Pascal. If you are already somewhat familiar with programming and especially Pascal, you will probably want to skip very quickly through the first few chapters. You should at least skim these chapters, and you should read the remainder of this introduction. A few comments are in order to get us started in the right direction. The sample programs included with this tutorial are designed to teach you the basics of Pascal and they do not include any clever or tricky code. Nearly all of the programs are really quite dumb as far as being useful programs, but all will teach one or more principles of Pascal. I have seen one tutorial that included a 12 page program as the first example. In fact there were only 2 example programs in the entire tutorial, and it was impossible to glean the essentials of progr



2007-11-24 03:46:53
[edit] Pointers Pascal supports the use of pointers: type a = ^b; b = record x: Integer; y: Char; z: a end;var pointer_to_b: a; Here the variable pointer_to_b is a pointer to the data type b, a record. Pointers can be used before they are declared. This is an exception to the rule that things must be declared before they are used. To create a new record and assign the values 10 and A to the fields a and b in the record, the commands would be; new(pointer_to_b); pointer_to_b^.x := 10; pointer_to_b^.y := 'A'; pointer_to_b^.z := nil;... This could also be done using the with statement, as follows new(pointer_to_b); with pointer_to_b^ do begin x := 10; y := 'A'; z := nil end;... Note that inside of the scope of the with statement, the compiler knows that a and b refer to the subfields of the record pointer pointer_to_b and not to the record b or the pointer type a. Linked lists, stacks and queues can be created by including a pointer ty


Language constructs 1
2007-11-24 03:46:43
Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural language and includes the traditional array of Algol-like control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so on. However, pascal also has many data structuring facilities and other abstractions which were not included in the original Algol60, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. Such constructs were in part inherited or inspired from Simula67, Algol68, and Niklaus Wirth's own AlgolW. [edit] Hello world Pascal programs start with the program keyword with a list of external file descriptors as parameters; then follows the main statement block encapsulated by the begin and end keywords. Semicolons separate statements, and the full stop ends the whole program (or unit). Letter case is ignored in Pascal source. Some compilers, Turbo Pascal among them, have made the program keyword optional. Here is an example of the source code in use for a very simple program: program HelloWo


Implementations Pascal
2007-11-24 03:43:04
The first Pascal compiler was designed in Zurich for the CDC 6000 series mainframe computer family. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to implement it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful due to Fortran's inadequacy to express complex data structures. The second attempt was formulated in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. Many Pascal compilers since have been similarly self-hosting, that is, the compiler is itself written in Pascal, and the compiler is usually capable of recompiling itself when new features are added to the language, or when the compiler is to be ported to a new environment. The GNU Pascal compiler is one notable exception, being written in C. The first successful port of the CDC Pascal compiler to another mainframe was completed by Welsh and Quinn at the Queen's University of Belfast in 1972. The target was the ICL 1900 computer. The first Pascal compiler written in North America was constructed at the University of Illinois under Don
Read more: Implementations

Brief description
2007-11-24 03:40:44
Wirth's intention was to create an efficient language (regarding both compilation speed and generated code) based on so-called structured programming, a concept which had recently become popular. Pascal has its roots in the Algol 60 language, but also introduced concepts and mechanisms which (on top of Algol's scalars and arrays) enabled the programmer to define his or her own complex (structured) datatypes, and also made it easier to build dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs. Important features included for this were records, enumerations, subranges, dynamically allocated variables with associated pointers, and sets. To make this possible and meaningful, Pascal has a strong typing on all objects, which means that one type of data cannot be converted or interpreted as another without explicit conversions. Similar mechanisms are standard in many programming languages today. Other languages that influenced Pascal's development were COBOL, ALGOL 68, Si
Read more: Brief , description

History of Pascal
2007-11-24 03:39:18
Pascal is based on the ALGOL programming language and named in honor of mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Wirth subsequently developed the Modula-2 and Oberon, languages similar to Pascal, and earlier, also the language Euler.Initially, Pascal was a language intended to teach students structured programming, and generations of students have "cut their teeth" on Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Variants of Pascal are still widely used today, for example Free Pascal can be used in both 32 and 64 bit formats, and all types of Pascal programs can be used for both education and software development.Examples of usagePascal was the primary high-level language used for development in the Apple Lisa, and in the early years of the Mac; parts of the original Macintosh operating system were hand-translated into Motorola 68000 assembly language from the Pascal sources. The popular typesetting system TeX by Donald E. Knuth was written in WEB, the original liter
Read more: Pascal , History

PASCAL tutorial
2007-11-18 09:09:30
This page is dedicated to teaching you to program with Borland Turbo Pascal, easily and quickly. We assume no prior programming experience but at least a basic knowledge of algebra. We provide you with all the software you will need, so if you want to learn how to program then you have come to the right place. Why Learn Pascal? We thought long and hard about this question. Pascal is a basic and easy to learn language. Using it teaches you important programming principles which can be applied to most other programming languages. It will also teach you skills to think through ta sks and also other skills which can be applied to many areas, including some outside computing, such as task management etc. But the most important reason to learn pascal is because it's fun and interesting. (We hope) What would I use Pascal for? You would use Pascal for the same things you would use any programming language. This is things such as: making games or the like, making databases, or performing r


Learn Pascal Programming Tutorial Lesson 1 - Introduction to Pascal
2007-11-16 15:08:16
About Pascal The Pascal programming language was created by Niklaus Wirth in 1970. It was named after Blaise Pascal, a famous French Mathematician. It was made as a language to teach programming and to be reliable and efficient. Pascal has since become more than just an academic language and is now used commercially. What you will need Before you start learning Pascal, you will need a Pascal compiler. This tutorial uses the Free Pascal Compiler. You can find a list of other Pascal compilers at TheFreeCountry's Pascal compiler list. Your first program The first thing to do is to either open your IDE if your compiler comes with one or open a text editor. We always start a program by typing its name. Type program and the name of the program next to it. We will call our first program "Hello" because it is going to print the words "Hello world" on the screen. program Hello; Next we will type begin and end. We are going to type the main body of the program between these 2 keywords
Read more: Programming , Tutorial , Introduction

Learn Pascal Programming Tutorial Lesson 2 - Colors, Coordinates, Windows and Sound
2007-11-16 15:10:11
Colors To change the color of the text printed on the screen we use the TextColor command. program Colors;uses crt;begin TextColor(Red); Writeln('Hello'); TextColor(White); Writeln('world');end. The TextBackground command changes the color of the background of text. If you want to change the whole screen to a certain color then you must use ClrScr. program Colors;uses crt;begin TextBackground(Red); Writeln('Hello'); TextColor(White); ClrScr;end. Screen coordinates You can put the cursor anywhere on the screen using the GoToXY command. In DOS, the screen is 80 characters wide and 25 characters high. The height and width varies on other platforms. You may remember graphs from Maths which have a X and a Y axis. Screen coordinates work in a similar way. Here is an example of how to move the cursor to the 10th column in the 5th row. program Coordinates;uses crt;begin GoToXY(10,5); Writeln('Hello');end. Windows Windows let you define a part of the screen t
Read more: Pascal , Programming , Tutorial , Colors , Sound

THE SIMPLE PASCAL DATA TYPE
2007-11-14 17:26:22
WHAT IS A DATA TYPE? A type in Pascal, and in several other popular programming languages, defines a variable in such a way that it defines a range of values which the variable is capable of storing, and it also defines a set of operations that are permissible to be performed on variables of that type. TURBO Pascal has eight basic data types which are predefined and can be used anywhere in a program provided you use them properly. This chapter is devoted to illustrating the use of these eight data types by defining the allowable range of values that can be assigned to them, and by illustrating the operations that can be done to variables of these types. The eight types and a very brief description follows; integer Whole numbers from -32768 to 32767 byte The integers from 0 to 255 real Floating point numbers from 1E-38 to 1E+38 boolean Can only have the value TRUE or FALSE char Any character in the ASCII character set shortint The integers from


GETTING STARTED IN PASCAL
2007-11-14 17:24:32
YOUR FIRST PASCAL PROGRAM Example program ------> TRIVIAL.PAS Lets get right into a program that really does nothing, but is an example of the most trivial Pascal program. Load Turbo Pascal, then load TRIVIAL.PAS into the integrated environment as a work file. This assumes you have been successful in learning how to use the TURBO Pascal system. You should now have the most trivial Pascal program possible on your display, and we can take a look at each part to define what it does. The first line is required in the standard Pascal definition and contains the program name which can be any name you like, as long as it follows the rules for an identifier given in the next section. It can have no blanks, otherwise it would be considered as two words and it would confuse the compiler. The first word program is the first of the reserved words mentioned earlier and it is the indicator to the Pascal compiler that this is the name of the program. The second word, Puppy_Dog, is the pr


WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
2007-11-14 17:22:18
THIS CHAPTER IS FOR NEW PROGRAMMERS If you are a complete novice to computers you will find the information in this chapter useful. If however, you have had some experience with programming, you can completely ignore this chapter. It will deal with a few fundamentals of computers in general and will introduce nothing that is specific to Pascal. WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM? A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has the ability to perform mathematical operations very rapidly and very accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid of a program written by a human being. Moreover, if the human being writes a program that turns good data into garbage, the computer will very obediently, and very rapidly, turn the good data into garbage. It is possible to write a computer program with one small error in it that will do that very thing, and in some cases appear to be generating good data. It is up to the human programmer to design a program to achieve the desired res


INTRODUCTION
2007-11-14 17:21:41
IF YOU KNOW NOTHING ABOUT PASCAL Assuming that you know nothing at all about Pascal, and in fact, that you may know nothing about programming in general, we will begin to study Pascal. If you are already somewhat familiar with programming and especially Pascal, you will probably want to skip very quickly through the first few chapters. You should at least skim these chapters, and you should read the remainder of this introduction. A few comments are in order to get us started in the right direction. The sample programs included with this tutorial are designed to teach you the basics of Pascal and they do not include any clever or tricky code. Nearly all of the programs are really quite dumb as far as being useful programs, but all will teach one or more principles of Pascal. I have seen one tutorial that included a 12 page program as the first example. In fact there were only 2 example programs in the entire tutorial, and it was impossible to glean the essentials of progr


Is it possible for a compiler to be ISO 7185 Pascal compliant and Borland Delphi compliant as well?
2008-02-03 00:15:06
GNU GPC is such a compiler. It will take switches that configure it for either ISO 7185 use or Borland use. Note that several of the differences between the languages are compatible between the languages without the need for an option. Here is a list of ISO 7185 to Delphi differences, and whether they require a configuration option, and why. See the section "Differences between the languages", for details on each difference. 1. Procedure and function parameters. Requires a configuration option: No Reason: In delphi mode, the keyword procedure or function in a procedure or function header is an error. In ISO 7185 Pascal , it introduces a procedure or function parameter. This makes it essentially an extension to Delphi. 2. Interprocedural gotos. Requires a configuration option: No Reas


Antrian Melingkar
2008-02-03 00:13:47
Antrian Melingkaruses wincrt;type lingkar=array[1..10] of char;type ling=recordnilai:lingkar;dep:integer;bel:integer;isi:integer;end;var n:integer;antrian:ling;{---------------------------------------------------------------------}procedure push(var antrian:ling;x:char);7beginif antrian.isi=n then write('antrian penuh')elsebeginif antrian.bel=n then antrian.bel:=1else antrian.bel:=antrian.bel+1;antrian.nilai[antrian.bel]:=x;antrian.isi:=antrian.isi+1;end;end;{---------------------------------------------------------------------}procedure pop(var antrian:ling;var x:char);beginif antrian.isi=0 then write('antrian kosong')elsebeginantrian.dep:=antrian.dep+1;if antrian.dep=n+1 then antrian.dep:=1;x:=antrian.nilai[antrian.dep];antrian.nilai[antrian.dep]:=' ';antrian.isi:=antrian.isi-1;end;end;{


Is it possible to write in a Pascal subset that will be acceptable to both ISO 7185 Pascal and Delphi?
2008-02-03 00:13:40
Sure. You can use the ISO 7185 "level 0" Pascal with the following omissions: 1. Do not use procedure or function parameters. These have different syntax in ISO 7185 and Delphi . 2. Do not use intraprocedural gotos (gotos that leave the current procedure or function). If you need a deep nested bailout to a higher level procedure, try setting an error variable and checking that after each procedure/function call that might have an error, then skipping either out of the routine, or to the goto point. 3. Do not use file buffer handling (such as f^ accesses, where f is a file), nor the built in routines "get" and "put". Basically, this just means you cannot use the lookahead buffering that ISO 7185 Pascal provides. 4. Do not size your variant records with "new". Delphi knows about varia


Program Tumpukan
2008-02-03 00:11:21
Program Tumpukan;uses wincrt;const MaxElemen=5;type Tumpukan =recordisi:array[1..MaxElemen] of integer;atas: 0..MaxElemenend;type isi=array[0..maxelemen] of integer;const isilama1:isi=(3,7,2,6,4,8);isibaru1:isi=(4,8,3,6,5,1);varNilailama,Nilaibaru:isi;T:tumpukan;{---------------------------------------------------------------------}Procedure Ganti_NilaiStack(T:tumpukan;Nilailama,Nilaibaru:isi);varpenuh,habis: boolean;x,i:integer;{---------------------------------------------------------------------}procedure push( var T:tumpukan; var penuh:boolean;x:integer);beginif T.atas = maxElemen then penuh:=trueelsebeginpenuh :=false;T.isi[T.atas]:=x;T.atas:=T.atas+1;end;end;{---------------------------------------------------------------------}procedure pop(var T:tumpukan;var habis:boolean; var x:in
Read more: Program

Is it possible to have a module (unit) under Delphi that converts it to ISO 7185 use?
2008-02-03 00:09:54
It is not possible for several reasons. First, there are several differences between the languages that are purely syntactic in nature, such as the way comments work. Second, there is no way to write, for example, file handling functions that accept all types of files. Third, there are features such as interprocedure gotos that only the compiler can implement. I have seen many claims in the past that it is "easy to bridge the differences between ISO Pascal and the Delphi language", but it is usually apparent that those making the claim haven't read the ISO 7185 standard in any detail. It simply isn't that easy.


Program Ganjil Genap
2008-02-03 00:08:42
Program ganjil_genap;uses wincrt;varbil, i,g1,g2,j1,j2,n: integer;rt1,rt2:real;beginwrite('Masukkan Banyaknya Data ' );readln(n);for i := 1 to n dobeginwrite('Bilangan ke:',i ,' ');readln(bil);if bil mod 2 = 0 thenj1:=j1 +1;g1:=g1+bil;if bil mod 2 =1 thenj2:=j2+1;g2:=g2+bil;end;rt1:=g1/j1;rt2:=g2/j2;writeln('Jumlah bil. Ganjil=' ,j2);writeln('Jumlah bil. Genap=' ,j1);writeln('Rerata Ganjil=' ,rt2:4:2);writeln('Rerata Genap=' ,rt1:4:2);end.
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