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Tunusia has long been popular as a location site for filmmakers
2007-11-04 22:02:00
Tunusia has long been popular as a location site for filmmakers as varied as the Monty Python troupe, George Lucas, Franco Zeffirelli, and Steven Spielberg. One of the first international filmmakers to "discover" the country was Italian Roberto Rossellini, who came there in 1975 to commence filming of his It Messia/The Messiah ( 1978). Thanks to Rossellini, a young Tunisian named Tarak ben Ammar realized the potential for a Tunisian film industry; he established Carthago Films and by 1986 had become producer of such major films as Roman Polanski Pirates. The producer also operates studios at Port El Kantaoui and Monastir and owns many theatres. In 1957, the Tunisian government established SATPEC (Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique, 10 rue Ibn Khaldun, Tunis, Tunisia). It is involved primarily in production, with limited interests in distribution. In 1967, SATPEC created the major film complex at Gammarth, which includes a film laboratory, edit


Venice is a seasonal city
2007-11-03 20:17:00
Venice is a seasonal city, dependent more than most upon weather and temperature. She lives for the summer, when her great tourist industry leaps into action, and in winter she is a curiously simple, homely place, instinct with melancholy, her Piazza deserted, her canals choppy and dismal. The winter climate of Venice is notorious. A harsh, raw, damp miasma overcomes the city for weeks at a time, only occasionally dispersed by days of cold sunny brilliance. The rain teems down with a particular wetness, like unto like, stirring the mud in the bottom of the Grand Canal, and streaming magnificently off the marbles of the Basilica. The fog marches in frowardly from the sea, so thick that you cannot see across the Piazza, and the vaporetto labours towards the Rialto with an anxious look-out in the bows. Sometimes a layer of snow covers the city, giving it a certain sense of improper whimsy, as if you were to dress a duchess in pink ruffles. Sometimes the fringe of a bora sweeps the water i
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Venice is no longer the supreme city of music
2007-11-03 20:12:00
Venice is no longer the supreme city of music, as she was in the eighteenth century, when four celebrated conservatoires flourished there, when her choirs and instrumentalists were unrivalled, and when the priest Vivaldi, suddenly inspired with a melody in the middle of celebrating Mass, instantly rushed off to the Sacristy to scribble it down. Music, nevertheless, often sounds in the city. The strains of great symphonies rise, in the summer season, from breathless floodlit courtyards; twelvetone scales and electronic cadences ring from the International Festival of Contemporary Music, which recently brought Stravinsky himself to conduct an opera in the Scuola di San Rocco; the noble choir of St. Mark's, once trained by Monteverdi, sings seraphically from its eyrie among the high mosaics of the Basilica. The gondoliers no longer quote Tasso to one another, or sing old Venetian love songs (most of the popular tunes nowadays are from Naples or New York): but sometimes an ebullient young
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The Venetians in the History
2007-11-03 19:57:00
The Venetians invented the income tax, statistical science, the floating of government stock, state censorship of books, anonymous denunciations (the Bocca del Leone), and the Ghetto. The idea of a Suez Canal was broached by Venice to the sultan in 1504. They were quick to hear of new inventions and discoveries and to grasp their practical application. When the news came to Venice, in 1498, of Vasco da Gama's voyage, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the whole city instantly understood that it was bad news for their commerce: "the worst piece of information that we could ever have had." The telescope, which was invented in Holland in 1608, was known about in Venice before the end of the year. In 1610, it was being tried out from the Campanile, and a Venetian swindler was able to palm off a fraudulent one (made of plain glass) on the Grand Duke of Tuscany. A Venetian doctor, Salamon, in 1649, anticipated biological warfare by concocting a plague-quintessence for use in the Turkish war. I
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Venice The Sands of Time
2007-11-03 19:52:00
It was from Byzantium that the taste for refinement and sensuous luxury came to Venice . "Artificiosa voluptate se mulcebat," a chronicler wrote of the Greek wife of an early doge. Her scents and perfumes, her baths of dew, her sweet-smelling gloves and dresses, the fork she used at table scandalized her subjects, plain Italian pioneer folk. The husband of this effeminate woman had Greek tastes also. He began, says the chronicler, "to work in mosaic," importing mosaic workers -- and marbles and precious stones -- to adorn his private chapel, St. Mark's, in the Eastern style that soon became second nature to the Venetians. The Byzantine mode, in Venice, lost something of its theological awesomeness. The stern, solemn figure of the Pantocrator who dominates the Greek churches with his frowning brows and upraised hand does not appear in St. Mark's in His arresting majesty. In a Greek church, you feel that the Eye of God is on you from the moment you step in the door; you are utterly enco
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Olympia, Washington
2007-10-16 12:11:00
Olympia, State capital and seat of Thurston County, spreads fan-like from its harbor on Puget Sound over gently sloping hills, with Mount Rainier on the east and the more distant Olympics visible to the north. Here, near the place where the Nisqually once met in solemn council to devise means of protection against the soleeks itsweet (angry brown bear), today legislators convene to represent the citizens of the State named in honor of the Great White Father. From a broad knoll near the center of the town rise the massive white sandstone buildings of the Capitol Group, with the tall white dome of the Legislative Building conspicuous for miles around. In general Olympia has an atmosphere of conservatism and moderate prosperity. Modern buildings predominate in the small compact business district, while residential areas represent an older architectural mode, quiet and attractive, with substantial homes, smooth lawns, and long colonnades of shade trees. The Pacific Highway bisects the city
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Everett Washington
2007-10-16 11:32:00
Everett, county seat of Snohomish County, lumbering center, seaport, and distributing point for a fertile agricultural and dairying area, lies on a promontory between the sluggish Snohomish River, with its muddy delta, on the cast and north, and Port Gardner Bay, an arm of Puget Sound, on the west. In the business district, near the center of the city, substantial middleaged buildings border broad avenues that run east-west across a ridge extending southward from the river to the high bluffs of Rucker Hill. Noticeable among the older structures are a few newer, more modern buildings. On the hill and along the bayside to the north are attractive residences, surrounded by broad, close-clipped lawns, brightened in season by daffodils, rows of irises, blossoming shrubs, roses in profusion, beds of flaming gladioli, and golden autumn leaves; even the sombreness of winter is broken by the sheen of laurel leaves and the orange and red berries of thorn and holly. Between these residential dist
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Bellingham History
2007-10-16 10:44:00
The earliest exploration of this part of the northwest coast was by Francisco Eliza, who in 1791 sent a small ship into the bay and, according to Spanish charts, named it Seno de Gaston. In 1792, Captain George Vancouver, who was exploring the Straits of Georgia, sent a small party under Joseph Whidbey to chart the southern shoreline. Upon receiving the report of the surveying party, Vancouver named the large protected body of water Bellingham Bay, in honor of Sir William Bellingham. More than 50 years passed before white men again turned their attention to this immediate area, for during the first half of the nineteenth century the United States and Great Britain centered the struggle for possession along the Columbia River, and largely in the diplomatic field. The settlement of the boundary question in 1846, fixing the line at 49° North latitude, served to release colonizing energies. On December 15, 1852, Captain Henry Roeder, son of a German immigrant and formerly a captain on a G
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Bellingham
2007-10-16 10:38:00
Bellingham, port of call 18 miles south of the Canadian Border, industrial and educational center, and distribution point for northwestern Washington, borders the broad curve of Bellingham Bay, sweeps back over the level valleys of Whatcom, Squalicum, and Padden creeks, and climbs the slopes of Sehome Hill, which rises practically in the middle of the city. Industrial life is concentrated along the water front, where squarely massed warehouses, coal bunkers, and piers are punctuated with the black smokestacks of mills and factories, harsh against the green hills. Moored at the docks are large, ocean-going freighters, sturdy cannery tenders, numerous small fishing boats, and trim pleasure craft. From the bayside, streets radiate into the business and residential areas, which mingle in a casual manner as a result of the merging of four separate boom towns in the formation of Bellingham. To the west are the San Juan Islands and the interlaced ribbons of sounds and straits; more distant ar


Hoquiam Aberdeen Points of Interest
2007-10-16 10:11:00
The PUBLIC LIBRARY, corner of 7th and K Sts., is housed in a two-story, red-brick, tile-roofed building. Its collection of 27,832 volumes includes 50 volumes in the Swedish language. OLYMPIC STADIUM AND RECREATIONAL FIELD, entrance 28th and Cherry Sts., opened Thanksgiving Day, 1939, is the leading athletic field in Grays Harbor district. The city purchased the site in 1929, but no improvements were made until 1938, when construction began under WPA, with the Hoquiam Park Board furnishing the materials. The grandstand has a seating capacity of 10,000 and the grounds are lighted for night games. There are fields for baseball, football, and softball, and two tennis courts. Plans call for the completion of an archery range, horseshoe courts, a bowling green, children's playfield, and picnic grounds. 10. The SAMUEL BENN HOME (private), 4th St., between G and F Sts., a two-story clapboard-sided building, painted in battleship gray, was built in 1887 by the pioneer, Samuel Benn. It displays
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Grays Harbor, Captain Robert Gray
2007-10-16 10:07:00
The earliest recorded visit of an American to this part of the coast occurred in 1792, when Captain Robert Gray sailed his ship, the Columbia, over the bar and into the harbor which today bears his name. No attempt was made to establish a permanent settlement, however, until 1859. In that year James Karr and his family arrived and settled on the banks of one of the rivers flowing into the harbor. Shortly thereafter he was joined by four brothers named Campbell. To the little settlement thus formed, and to the river on whose banks it stood, the name Hoquiam (Ind. hungry for wood), was given. Within the decade a number of other pioneers arrived, drawn by the promise of wealth in the virgin forests which stretched in an almost unbroken expanse from the Pacific Ocean to the Cascades. By 1869 a post office had become necessary, and in 1873 a school was opened. In the meantime, some four miles to the east, a young Irishman, Samuel Benn, had staked a claim in 1867, at the juncture of the Cheh
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Aberdeen and Hoquiam
2007-10-16 10:04:00
Aberdeen and Hoquiam, originally settlements four miles apart, have grown into a single population center, divided only by Myrtle Street. In an atmosphere hazy with smoke from mill stacks and burners, these twin cities spread along Grays Harbor and the tidal waters of the three rivers flowing into it: Aberdeen lies at the confluence of the Chehalis and the Wishkah Rivers; Hoquiam borders the banks of the Hoquiam River. Both cities face Grays Harbor, whose entrance, 12 miles westward, is often blanketed by the fog or rainfall characteristic of the region. The industrial area of both cities stretches along the water front. Here are numerous sawmills, with their sheds, yards, and loading docks. Stacks of freshly cut lumber diffuse through the streets the pungent odor of fir cedar, and hemlock. Straddle-legged lumber carriers, motor driven, roll swiftly about the yards. Large cranes swing arms laden with lumber from the yard to the deck of a ship berthed against the wharf. From the mill co
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Massachusetts Golf
2007-10-16 06:49:00
Massachusetts had the first golf course in America, the Country Club of Brookline, founded in 1882, and courses are well distributed throughout the State. On Cape Cod, on the adjacent islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and in many other ocean-front cities and towns, courses overlook the sea. The eastern and central portions of the State provide numerous 'sporty' courses on rolling and varied terrain. The courses of western Massachusetts in the Berkshire Hills are set in the midst of rugged hills and valleys. Distributed throughout the State are hundreds of courses, varying in size from six to thirty-six holes, the majority of which are open to the general public. Tournaments and special matches, both amateur and professional, are held during the season on representative courses.
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Character of Massachusetts
2007-10-16 06:41:00
To the seeker of a clue to the character of Massachusetts people, the rubric of the east wind may be useful. Time and again a salty breeze has blown through this most conservative of commonwealths. It wafted the first rebels to Cape Cod, dying down soon after. It burst forth again to blow steadily through most of the eighteenth century, when victories were won not only for political freedom but for education and religious toleration. During the period of Federalism it abated, but by the 1840's the faint whisper which had fanned the cheeks of mill girls in Lowell, mechanics in Boston, and scholars in Cambridge and Concord was roaring in a gale that shook the rafters of the nation. It blew fitfully throughout the later nineteenth century, dying to a flat calm at the beginning of the twentieth. From about 1909 to 1927 it let loose a window-rattling blast or two before subsiding again. Many symbols have been devised to explain the Bay Stater. He has been pictured as a kind of dormant volc
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Arkansas Popular Beliefs
2007-10-16 03:45:00
The popular beliefs about, but not of, the mountain people in Arkansas and other Southern States contain many misconceptions. According to fiction, the hillman is a seven-foot combination of malnutrition and hookworm, asleep on his front porch with the dogs. His great bare feet, dangling off the porch, flap from time to time when the flies get too pesky, but nothing awakens him except a hound's salute to a stranger. Then he shoots up his astounding neck to its full length, ogles the visitor, and on his hunting horn blows a series of long and short blasts that means, "Hide yore stills and oil yore guns; they air a stranger h'yar." This feat of mountain Morse is all the more remarkable because he can neither read nor write, and, indeed, cannot count well enough to enumerate his hogs, but must identify them by name. Should one be missing for a day or two, he musters all his kin down to second cousins and step-uncles and goes across the "mounting" for a feud. While the menfolks shoot out


Arkansas Folklore and Folkways
2007-10-16 03:38:00
It was nearly hundred years ago, they say, that an unlucky woodcutter in the Ozarks had his first encounter with a hoopsnake--a reptile remarkable for its method of locomotion and for the poisonous stinger in its tail. The woodcutter promptly lit a shuck, that is, he started running. The snake tucked its tail in its mouth and rolled along in pursuit, like a wagonwheel bouncing downhill. While the panting woodsman was praying for his second wind, he came to a large white oak; here he took roundence. The snake, instead of swerving, rolled into the tree and accidentally buried its tail deep in the wood. Talented as it is in some ways, the hoopsnake cannot pull out frontwise from anything it has stuck its tail into. The serpent began drilling backward through the tree, and the woodcutter ran for an ax. When he returned he saw that the poison from the stinger-tail had already got into the wood: dead leaves were sifting down like falling snow. The snake finally worked half its length from th
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The climate of Arkansas
2007-10-16 03:11:00
The climate of Arkansas "is mild, healthful, and very favorable for agricultural and other pursuits". Most residents of the State greet snow as an infrequent but welcome visitor. In the mountains, of course, it falls more often than elsewhere, and lies longer on the ground, but the average annual depth over a 40-year period for even the Ozark Mountain section is only 10.4 inches. The yearly fall for the State is 5.6 inches. At the Ozark towns of Harrison and Winslow the figure is 14.9 inches. Icy streets are seldom seen in Little Rock, where the average winter temperature is 44° F. Warm, bright days are common even in December and January. The spring is long and genial, and hot weather usually does not begin until June. Temperatures of 100° or more are reported in some southern counties nearly every summer, but mountain dwellers keep blankets handy the year around, for nights in the highlands are almost invariably cool. Summers extend through September, and the first killing frost do


Arkansas Natural Setting
2007-10-16 03:03:00
Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri; on the east it is separated from Mississippi and Tennessee by the Mississippi River; to the south is Louisiana; and stretching away to the west are the plains of Oklahoma and Texas. In size it stands twentysixth among the States, with an area of 53,335 square miles; of these, 810 are water. From the point where the Mississippi first touches Arkansas, lowlands sweep in a constantly widening arc until they run all the way across the State to Oklahoma and Texas. To the northwest rise the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, reaching an altitude of nearly 3,000 feet. With adjacent elevations that spill over into neighboring States, the Arkansas uplands (classified as the Interior Highland Province) constitute the only mountains between the Appalachians and the Rockies. The line between the lowland and hill sections is remarkably distinct, particularly at the eastern edge of the Ozarks, where the lift from plain to upland is forecast by only a few moun
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Wartime New York City WWII
2007-10-15 15:02:00
Wartime New York City , was, however, to be a far more carefree place than London or Paris, as commentators from areas closer to the war effort neglected no opportunity to show. To be sure, there was for a time a dim-out, ordered not so much through fear of bombs as because the glow of the city's lights silhouetted shipping for enemy U-boats lurking out at sea. In this halfway measure, the streets were still lighted, a British visitor of 1942 reported; but the "glaring advertisements" which formerly kept Broadway "in perpetual light" were now extinguished, and "all windows above the 10th floor . . . screened." New Yorkers gained some sense of participation in the struggle as air-raid precautions, inaugurated six months before Pearl Harbor, were "practiced and more or less perfected," sirens were tested, and wardens and plane spotters began to stand watch on tall buildings and rural hilltops. Women took over tasks formerly performed by men--driving cabs, operating elevators, and serving
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New York City After Great Depression
2007-10-15 14:47:00
The effects of depression and war reduced both the physical glamor and the prestige and self-confidence of the glittering giant of the twenties. Only at the mid-century, when an economic upswing prompted large-scale new construction, and the location of the United Nations in the metropolis underlined New York 's position as a world capital, did the city's dynamism exert again its customary spell.The impact of the depression engrossed the attention of commentators of the thirties, especially between 1931 and 1935. Queues of unemployed; men, obviously of good background, selling apples at the street corners; the destitute sleeping in Central Park--sights such as these convinced European visitors that reputedly invincible New York had been harder hit by the crisis than many parts of Europe. They noted the seeming paralysis at the wharves, the stores for rent and sales at broad reductions, the half-empty skyscrapers-"tombstones of capitalism . . . with windows," as one observer wrote, ref
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Japanese food serving
2007-10-13 10:54:00
What the Japanese feel inclined to boast to the world regarding the gastronomical attractions of their country consists as much in the manner of serving food as in the quality of food. In this respect, perhaps no other nation approaches Japan in the exquisite delicacy of taste, or in the luxury and grandeur of the utensils employed. The culinary art, as practised in the olden court of the Shōgun or of the Mikado, had attained a plane of perfection comparable in its elaborate technique and art to any other art or craft. It is possible to find even in an ordinary restaurant, at all mindful of its reputation as is a typical Japanese restaurant, that a five dollar meal is served upon plates worth fifty dollars or more. To speak of the vessels in which the Japanese food is served as plates is, to put it mildly, inaccurate. The plates, so-called, are generally white, of no particular value, always classed as crockery, which one would not regret very much, if they were broken. Of the Japanes


Japan Rice Tea Fish
2007-10-13 10:52:00
Let us now consider the chief elements of the Japan ese food. First comes rice, which we believe is by far the best in the world, and which, according to the analysis of food scientists, contains a greater quantity of food units than the rice of any other land. The proper name for Japan, as given in the Kojiki, is "Ashihara-no-mizuho-no-kuni," which may be freely rendered as "the land of abundant crops of good rice." At a pinch the Japanese could thrive on rice alone plus some vegetables. A certain writer has said that the boasted yarnato-damashii, or the national spirit of Japan, is made up of the nourishment of rice, and it is the testimony of every soldier at the front that he could dispense with any other food, provided he has plenty of good old Japanese rice. Fortunately there is no sign of the land diminishing in rice crops, and the safety of the country may be said to be assured as long as this national staple food is obtainable. The next great pride of Japan in food is tea. In b


Kwantō cuisine, Kwansai cuisine, Kyoto cuisine, Nagoya cuisine
2007-10-13 10:50:00
Apart from this world-wide influence on the Japanese food, there have been numerous local factors to give variety to it. Thus there are such names in Japanese cuisine as Kwantō cuisine, Kwansai cuisine, Kyoto cuisine, Nagoya cuisine, etc., just as in Chinese they speak of the Peking, Shanghai, Canton, Szechwan, Yunnan cuisines. Besides, there were numerous provincial factors to influence the Japanese cuisine, contributed by the three hundred daimyō domains. These were attributable to their peculiar local products as well as to their respective native geniuses. There can be no cooking without food materials to be cooked. Thus the Tokyo cuisine means largely the food made of products of Tokyo and adjacent districts. As the culinary art improved the food materials, so did the materials fashion this art. In these years of improved transportation facilities, when the products of one prefecture are almost the same as the products of the whole nation, the demarcation between this and that c


Chinese and Japanese Cuisines
2007-10-13 10:47:00
Broadly, the world of eating may be divided into the three great systems: European, Chinese and Japanese . Each has been influenced by the other, though perhaps in an indirect and intangible way. The oldest, if not the best, is, of course, the Chinese, of which one of Charles Lamb's famous essays on Roasted Pig is a good illustration. There is an historic relation between the Chinese and European foods, as there is between the Chinese and Japanese. Marco Polo, visiting China in 1257, must have introduced into Peking something of the Italian culinary art, and taken back to Europe much of the Chinese cuisine. The Roman Empire, just before its downfall, had attained its zenith in luxurious eating. Indeed some persons are inclined to think that the great Empire went into decay through too much luxurious eating. There is little doubt that Rome had taken the best from Persia, which in its turn had been enriched by importations from China. It was this Roman cuisine representing the best cooki


Possibilities of eating in Japan
2007-10-13 10:45:00
"Dumplings rather than blossoms," says a Japan ese proverb. After all, what is the beauty of scenery to a hungry man, or what avails the color of some antique treasure to the unfed stomach? The picture of hoary immortals, habitually "feeding on the clouds of the heavens and the mist of the earth" is found in the ancient classics only, no longer read or believed in. That food is an essential of life and of human happiness is so taken for granted that whatever form of human enjoyment, be it picnic or foreign travel, is tacitly understood to include satisfactory, if not luxurious, eating . If a great metropolis like Paris, London or New York, is generally conceded to be a desirable city to visit, its credit is partly, or in a very large measure, sustained by the reputation that good eating is guaranteed there. Whenever much-traveled friends get together for an informal chat, they must talk not so much about what they have seen, as about what they have eaten. Now what are the possibilities o
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Colossus or Colossos, Rhodes
2007-11-28 05:31:00
Colossus or Colossos (Lat. and Gr. a gigantic statue) The Colossus of Rhodes , completed probably about 280 B. C., was a representation of the sun-god, Helios, and commemorated the successful defense of Rhodes against Demetrius Poliorcetes in 304 B. C. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World; it stood 105 feet high, and is said to have been made from the warlike engines abandoned by Demetrius by the Rhodian Sculptor Chares, a pupil of Lysippus. The story that it was built striding across the harbor and that ships could piss in full sail between its legs, rose in the 16th century. There is nothing to support it; neither Strabo nor Pliny makes mention of it, though both describe the statue minutely.
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Colosseum: amphitheater of ancient Rome
2007-11-28 05:29:00
ColosseumThe great Flavian amphitheater of ancient Rome, said to be so named from the colossal statue of Nero that stood close by in the Via Sacra. It was begun by Vespasian in 72 A. D., and, for 400 years, was the scene of the gladiatorial contests. The ruins remaining are still colossal and extensive, but quite two-thirds of the original building have been taken away at different times and used for building material. Byron, adapting the exclamation of the 8thcentury pilgrims (and adopting a bad spelling), says: While stands Coliseum, Rome shall stand; When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall: And when Rome falls--the world. Childe Harold, IV. cxlv. The name has since been applied to other amphitheaters and places of amusement.
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The Land of Cockaigne
2007-11-28 05:13:00
The Land of CockaigneAn imaginary land of pleasure, wealth, luxury, and idleness. London is so called, and Boileau applies the word to Paris. This mythical Utopia (spelled also Cokayne and Cocagne) was the subject of many mock-serious poems of the Middle Ages. According to a typical account of the 13th century, the houses were made of barleysugar and cakes, the streets were paved with pastry, and the shops supplied goods without requiring money in payment. James Branch Cabell makes Jurgen visit Cocaigne in his satiric romance Jurgen and describes it as a land of curious delights, presided over by Anaitis.


Cleopatra's Needle
2007-11-28 05:06:00
Cleopatra's Needle The obelisk so called, now in London on the Thames Embankment, was brought there in 1878 from Alexandria, whither it and its fellow (now in Central Park, New York) had been moved from Heliopolis by Augustus about 9 B.C. It has no connection with Cleopatra, and it has carved on it hieroglyphics that tell of its erection by Thothmes III, a Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who lived many centuries before her time.


Cleopatra: Queen of Egypt wife of Ptolemy Dionysius
2007-11-28 05:05:00
Cleopatra. Queen of Egypt , wife of Ptolemy Dionysius. She was driven from her throne, but re-established by Julius Caesar, 47 B.C. Antony, captivated by her, repudiated his wife, Octavia, to live with the fascinating Egyptian. After the loss of the battle of Actium, Cleopatra killed herself by an asp. She is the heroine of many tragedies, of which the most notable in English are Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra ( 1608) Dryden All for Love or the World Well Lost ( 1682) and Shaw Caesar and Cleopatra ( 1908). There is an Italian tragedy by Alfieri ( 1773), and French tragedies by E. Jodelle, Cléopatre captive ( 1550); Jean Mairet, Cléopatre ( 1630); Isaac de Benserade ( 1670), J. F. Marmontel ( 1750), and Mde. de Girardin ( 1847). Rider Haggard has a romance called Cleopatra ( 1889).


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