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Applications are invited for one-year Faculty Masters Studentships (comprising full home or overseas tuition fees): the deadline for applications is 15 August 2008. Applications are invited in the following subjects: English, French, Geography, History, Italian, Law, Politics, Psychology, Sociology and Spanish. A list of eligible courses and research degrees on which these awards may be held is

Applications are welcomed from international students who are non-EU nationals. Applicants must be full-time or sandwich, undergraduate or postgraduate degree students of the University of Wolverhampton, and should be enrolled (or intending to enrol) at the University either for the first time, or for a second award. Applications for this Scholarship are processed after your course [...]

University of Edinburgh 2 PhD studentships Graduate School of Engineering and Electronics Metal-organic frameworks for hydrogen purification and catalytic applications – suitable for chemical engineers, chemists, and physicists Funding is available for two PhD studentships in the School of Engineering and Electronics, University of Edinburgh on two separate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) rela

Application deadline: July 31st 2008These studentships cover tuition fees, a tax-free maintenance grant (of approx. £18,500 per year) and a Research TrainingSupport Grant equivalent to ESRC funding levels (currently £750 per year). Applicants would be expected to contribute to teaching within the School, under ESRC guidelines.[Home/EU and International students are eligible to be considered for

PhD scholarshipsNanophotonics for Terabit Communications (NATEC) A new research centre focusing on nanophotonics for terabit communications is being established at the The technical University of Denmark (DTU). The centre is based on donations from a private foundation, VILLUM KANN RASNMUSSEN FONDEN. The NATEC centre will, in particular, perform research on light-matter interaction in semi

University Health Industries Inc., (OTCBB:UVHI) a Florida corporation engaged in the development, marketing and sale of proprietary, patent-pending nutraceutical products, including its leading brands Arthroleve(TM) and Zenstral PMS(TM), announced today that it is launching a new pet health care division.BOCA RATON, Fla. (Business Wire EON) June 30, 2008 -- University Health Industries Inc., (OTCB

The Lasik University is a free community for anyone looking to learn more about Lasik Eye Surgery. Our mission is to provide you with this single, non-bias and trusted source for all your Laser Vision Correction information and resources.Joomla! LogoThe Lasik University! will teach you what specific questions to ask your Lasik Eye Surgeon to ensure you are choosing the right Doctor and that you ar

PhD Studentship Distributed leadership in programme management International Centre for Programme Management Cranfield School of Management - one of Europe’s top management schools - is offering this PhD studentship within its International Centre for Programme Management, a world-leading hub for research into this important emerging discipline. The studentship is tenable for four years f

We are one of a few private university colleges widely acknowledged for our exceptional university programmes including our joint honours degrees, post-graduate MBA programmes, internationally recognised pre-university and professional accounting courses. We seek to recruit suitably qualified, dynamic and self-driven candidates who can effectively contribute to the advancement of our tradition of

Universita di Roma 1 - La Sapienza, Italy Corsi di dottorato di ricerca - XXIV ciclo Pubblicato il bando per i concorsi per esami per l’ammissione ai corsi di Dottorato di Ricerca per il XXIV ciclo. bando [188KB] .pdf Istruzioni [75KB] BXXIV.pdf Instructions [25KB] BXXIVE.pdf Only foreigner students residents abroad shall not have to pay application fee and shall submit their request

From 2009 all international students who enrol in an on-campus, single degree at Lilydale will receive a Study Lilydale Scholarship. Scholarship reduces the rate charged at 10% each year for the duration of degree. Fee reduction is off the published fee and not a double degree. The Faculty of Higher Education, Lilydale offers programs in business, communications [...]

Just as I breathlessly thanked everyone for our first year and alluded to all the drama of the past year that has seemingly passed us by, something else creeps up. Rick Greenspan has resigned as athletic director at IU, effective at the end of this calendar year. The Infractions Committee has also charged IU with [...]

4 PhD-researchers ‘Institutional, historical and spatial dimensions of economics’ (1,0 fte) Faculty of Law, Economics & Governance Salary € 2,000.- gross per month in the first year to € 2,441.-/€ 2,558.- in the third resp. fourth year. Respond before 15-08-2008 PhD-researcher ‘European study of cohorts for air pollution effects’ (1,0 fte) Faculty of Veterinary Medi

The Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University is now accepting applications from visiting scholars and researchers who work on Southeast Asia, or on any one of the countries in that region, in order to conduct research, write, or pursue other scholarly interests in connection with their field of study.Five fellowships will be awarded for the first half of 2009 on a competitive basis.

Founded in 1854 in New York City, Polytechnic University is a unique technology institution dedicated to promoting hands-on education. Students receive a firm grounding in science and technology... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Siena Heights is a Catholic affiliated, liberal arts University supporting both full-time traditional students and working adults. With a small student body of only 2,275, Siena Heights offers its... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Hauser Global Scholars is one of the most prestigious honors awarded to L.L.M students. In its first eight years, it has provided scholarships to 92 individuals from every continent and 34 countries.... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Located on 123 lushly landscaped acres in beautiful south Florida, Lynn University is a small liberal arts University which awards baccalaureate, master's and doctoral degrees. With a small student... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

The next Singapore university should be a publicly-funded institution offering disciplines such as Design and Architecture, Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Business and Information Technology, with an integrated approach centred on these disciplines. This was the recommendation made by the Committee on the Expansion of the University Sector in a preliminary report released on Tuesday. The

In the world of public art, size matters, it seems. Artists are trying to outdo one another in constructing Britain's tallest sculpture. Works such as Antony Gormley's The Angel of the North in Tyne and Wear are being dwarfed by another public art commission, a slender tubular steel lattice that will rise 60 metres (almost 200ft) over Nottingham. Aspire, a landmark for the university, will be th

Raih kesempatan mendapatkan beasiswa dari Konsorsium Industri Jababeka yang terdiri dari 1350 perusahaan nasional dan multinasional dari 27 negara yang terletak di kawasan industri terbesar di Asia Tenggara menyediakan beasiswa kepada siswa/siswi yang berprestasi dan siap bekerja di berbagai perusahaan berskala nasional dan multinasional di dalam dan di luar negeriStudy Programs :Faculty of Econom

It’s almost universally understood that fervor surrounding college and university athletics pales in comparison to our neighbors down south. In Canada, a packed gym is considered a good turnout; in the U.S., that wouldn’t even hold the stadium staff. Simply put, Americans live, breathe and eat sports, whereas Canadians consider it more of a recreation [...]

(Bead - embroidered Boston trolley & Citgo sign on acrylic painted canvas. 24" x 48". Artwork in progress. Click to enlarge.)Yesterday, I stitched my beaded Boston trolley train and two of my gas station signs onto my painted stretched canvas. I wanted to see how everything would look together... Looks kinda like the train is headed toward the B.U. East MBTA stop late at night! Now, I think I

Love, Death, Solitude… and thus goes the long list of “driving” factors that made men spit out some of the best works of literature. But I don’t know why no one ever even mention “exam” the wonder stuff. As far as I know, it is a promising theme for research. It is one scenario that tears open the true potential of human brain. The ‘pushing’ syndrome-(in Malayalam local slan

Three PhD candidate positions at RSM, Erasmus University. We are seeking three capable and enthusiastic PhD candidates to work on three research projects related to our research program on the accessibility of main ports and urban areas in the Randstad area in the Netherlands.PhD project titles1. Coordinating distributed decisions towards sustainable networks2. Distributed and centralized on-

RESEARCH DOCTORATE COURSES The 24th cycle of Research Doctorate courses with administrative headquarters at the Università degli Studi di Torino is hereby instituted, with starting date January 1st 2009. Applications are invited for the admission examinations for the Research Doctorate courses listed below. LIST OF PHD SCHOOLS - XXIII CYCLE * Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences * Artistic,

Our final day shopping was spent at Ewha Woman's University. It was a great place to shop for women's fashion with lots of boutiques. This is a picture of the university.We saw loads of Korean women.This is a picture of the shopping area.One of the side streets.I've been seeing these all over South Korea. They are decorative bra straps.We saw this guy copping a squat on a cement barrier. I hav

Tezpur University Results 2008tezpur university 2008 results, entrance examination results 2008, provisional selection list of B Tech programme, tezu.ernet.in, tejpur results 2008 TEZPUR UNIVERSITY ESTABLISHED BY AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT The Tezpur University, has announced the results Entrance Examination 2008 and the Provis

London South Bank University MPhil-PhD Scholarships Business Faculty of Business, Computing & Information Management Fully-funded: UK/EU/Overseas applicants We seek applications for a research scholarship: * MPhil-PhD in a suitable aspect of Business The scholarships are for award to outstanding UK/EU/Overseas applicants and are intended to commence in the 2008/2009 academic year. The

PhD Studentships: Control Systems Robust Control Systems and application to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Control Systems Group Dr Alexander Lanzon Start date: September/October 2008 Closing date for applications: 31st July 2008 Scholarship funds are available to support top-level graduate students (both home/EU and overseas), wishing to read for a

PhD Studentships: Control Systems Robust Control Systems and application to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Control Systems Group Dr Alexander Lanzon Start date: September/October 2008 Closing date for applications: 31st July 2008 Scholarship funds are available to support top-level graduate students (both home/EU and overseas), wishing to read for a P

London South Bank University MPhil-PhD Scholarships Business Faculty of Business, Computing & Information Management Fully-funded: UK/EU/Overseas applicants We seek applications for a research scholarship: *       MPhil-PhD in a suitable aspect of Business The scholarships are for award to outstanding UK/EU/Overseas applicants and are intended to commence in the 2008/2009 a

A poll released by Suffolk University on June 16, suggests that John Kerry, who has held his Senate seat in Massachusetts for 24 years, may be facing an uphill battle this November. In a poll of 500... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

President University offers many scholarship and financial aid programs to students who show great potential for future academic studies and those with financial need. Scholarship offers depend on several factors including high school performance, performance on the President University Entrance Exams, and the student’s family income level.GOLD and SILVER Scholarship grants from President Univer

In all honesty, this week my summer hasn’t been much fun. Those images that run through your head of carefree summers with the kids, probably don’t resemble my reality. We aren’t frolicking in the yard in our perfect clothes and smiling happily in our nice clean house all day long. No, this week, my house is filled with kids sitting in various chairs in timeout, my baby screa

Campus ← Previous revision Revision as of 21:08, 18 June 2008 Line 409: Line 409: }}</ref> }}</ref> - The university's campus is informally divided into three regions. North campus includes the two quads along with the Pit, Frank Porter Graham Student Union, and the Davis, House, and Wilson libraries.

News: 18-06-2008: Fender® University is an exclusive new music experience for guitar enthusiasts worldwide. The inaugural session will take place Aug. 21 – 24, 2008 in Corona, California. The program will offer exclusive behind-the-scenes access to Fender’s manufacturing headquarters and world renowned Fender Custom Shop, in addition to a series of music workshops, hands-on educational... Th

The Writer's Handbook published by the Writing Center at the University of Wisconsin - Madison is one of the best writing handbooks online. It covers almost every aspect of writing in English and is highly recommended for all ESL and university students. Features: • Explanation of the stages of the writing process: planning to write, creating an argument, working with sources, drafting and revis

Applications are invited for a three-year fixed term contract position for a Postdoctoral Researcher in numerical modelling of the transport and diffusion of pollutants in tidal regions, starting... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Applications are invited for a three-year PhD Studentship in the Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning (ASAP) Research Group in the School of Computer Science at the University of... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Applicants are invited to apply for a Post-Doctoral position in the scientific computing group in the Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University. The successful candidate will work with Prof. David Gottlieb and his research associates in several funded projects in the area of high order methods for large scale high speed multi-scales multi-physics shocked flows in complex geometry.  

A RESEARCH/POSTDOCTORAL POSITION is available in the Yale University Department of Psychiatry to participate in studies of the role of intracellular signaling and epigenetic factors in neurocognitive... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

The high energy physics group at the University of Cincinnati has an opening for a postdoctoral research associate in the Belle group. The initial appointment is for two years with the possibility of... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

The University of California, Irvine, seeks applicants for one or more postdoctoral scholar posi-tions in experimental particle physics starting as early as July 2008. Successful candidates will... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

A research group of University of Western Ontario is looking for energetic, career-oriented and self-motivated postdoctoral fellows interested in nanobiotechnology. Excellent candidates with... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Stipends for PhD studies in Psychology commencing on January 1, 2009, or shortly after, can be sought from the Danish Research Council for Culture and Communication through the Danish Research School... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

The Clinical Photonics Lab of Erlangen School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany requires highly motivated individuals to... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Salary: Commensurate with experience Duration: 2 years Position Available: Immediately Closing Date: Application review will continue until a suitable candidate is selected. Responsibilities:... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Last week - dumping debtLast week was week 4 in Dave Ramsey's "Financial Peace University". The lesson for week 4 was another good one, this time focusing on dumping all of your debt using the debt snowball! A few of the important points about how to dump your debt:Quit borrowing more money. Don’t take on any more debt.Cut up credit cards. Go cold turkey. Credit cards can mess up your budg

Do you love to cook? I like to cook sometimes but I don't cook frequently. I had tried different recipes from local, authentic to foreign. At first, it wasn't good enough, but on the second time around I cooked the dish, it was perfectly done.Before, I want to open a restaurant simply because I like to cook sumptuous foods. Building your own is hard, but if you like what you are doing then, it wi

Schedule Date Time Period FIRST CUT-OFF LIST 26th June 10:00am *Admission and Payment of Fees 27th - 30th June Upto 1:00pm SECOND CUT-OFF LIST 1st July 10:00am *Admission and Payment of Fees 2nd - 4th July Upto 10:00pm THIRD CUT-OFF LIST 5th July 10:00am *Admission and Payment of Fees 7th - 9th July Upto 1:00pm FOURTH CUT-OFF LIST If seats vacant 10:00am *Admission and

Looks like I jumped the gun on the happy ending for the University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics.  If readers recollect, Perpetual Storage Inc. lost backup tapes that contained information on 2.2 million patients treated at the U of U.  Word is out on the street that the U of U may be sued; it’s just a matter of time.  On the other hand, the company that actually lost the tapes ha

Deadline: August 31, 2008 The Endeavour International Postgraduate Research Scholarship (EIPRS) is available to any international student wishing to undertake a Higher Degree by Research at Curtin in 2009. The Endeavour International Postgraduate Research Scholarship provides: � course tuition fee for two years for a Masters by Research and three years for a Doctoral degree; and � Overseas

National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit (NPARU) Institute of Health, Social care and Psychology Department of Atmospheric Environment, National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Aarhus University, Denmark Applications are invited for a fully-funded full-time studentship to work in the area of ‘measuring and modelling human exposure to pollen allergens in an

SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research) at the University of Sussex is pleased to offer two DPhil positions, available to start in October 2008. The two doctoral positions are part of a larger research programme led by Professor Frank W Geels and funded under a prestigious first round grant from the European Research Council.The title of the research programme is: ‘Destabilisation of socio

e-Crime School of Computing/Financial Services Authority (FSA) Applications are invited for one fully funded three-year PhD studentship between the School of Computing and the Financial Services Authority (FSA). The main focus of the work is in the investigation of novel methods which will reduce the risks related to e-Crime. The studentship will cover tuition fees to home/EU leve

We invite applications for this full-time permanent position, for appointment as soon as possible. The University is seeking to appoint an experienced academic to join the Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in Education postgraduate programme team. The programme is co-convened by the School of Education and the Centre for Educational Technology at the University of Cape Town. This p

Filed under: Tablet PCs Fujitsu doesn’t seem to have gotten official with it just yet but, if the Virginia Tech University bookstore is any indication, it looks like the company is all but set to launch its new T5010 tablet PC. Assuming their specs are on the mark, you can apparently look forward to this one [...]

Filed under: Tablet PCs Fujitsu doesn’t seem to have gotten official with it just yet but, if the Virginia Tech University bookstore is any indication, it looks like the company is all but set to launch its new T5010 tablet PC. Assuming their specs are on the mark, you can apparently look forward to this one [...]

Filed under: Tablet PCs Fujitsu doesn’t seem to have gotten official with it just yet but, if the Virginia Tech University bookstore is any indication, it looks like the company is all but set to launch its new T5010 tablet PC. Assuming their specs are on the mark, you can apparently look forward to this one [...]

Dear Colleagues, Two years ago Babes-Bolyai University launched a program of annual conferences dedicated to pragmatic philosophy. In 2006 and 2007 various scholars from both Europe and America... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

According to reports Oscar-winning actor Kevin Spacey has accepted a year-long position as a theatre professor at Oxford University. It’s said that Kevin who is 48 and who has won Academy Awards for supporting actor in “The Usual Suspects” and lead actor in “American Beauty, is following in the footsteps of fellow performers such as [...]

Over the weekend, Oprah traded in her usual 7.4 million daily viewers to speak to a more intimate audience of 4,000. Oprah was on-hand at Stanford University to deliver the commencement speech and to impart her New Age “Oprah-isms” onto the minds of tomorrow. Highlights include: “The secret I’ve learned to getting ahead is [...]

BBA SOLVED PAPER 2008(INDRAPRASHTHA UNIVERSITY, HELD ON 03-06-2008)GENERAL AWARENESS 1.The International court of justice holds its sessions at its headquarters in -(A) Lake success(B) Amsterdam(C) The Hague(D) ParisANS- C2. What per cent of Solar radiation directly reaches the Earth ?(A) 47(B) 27(C) 20(D) 15ANS- B3. What of the Earth's surface is covered under water ?(A) 51(B) 60(C) 71(D) 75ANS-

UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVO Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies announces CALL FOR APPLICATIONS for the second generation of the interdisciplinary postgraduate studies in: GENDER... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Name: sushil kumar podhQ: i am +2 pass securing 64% i want bca in sambalpur university. Can you tell me if my decision is right or wrong?

Deadline: August 31, 2008TheEndeavour International Postgraduate Research Scholarship (EIPRS) isavailable to any international student wishing to undertake a HigherDegree by Research at Curtin in 2009.The Endeavour International Postgraduate Research Scholarship provides:� course tuition fee for two years for a Masters by Research and three years for a Doctoral degree; and� Overseas Stu

Guru Govind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), established by the government of NCT of Delhi and recognised by the UGC, invites applications for various academic programmes such as MBA, BBA, BCA, LLB, B. Ed, B. Tech, M. Tech, MBBS etc. for admission in 2008. The admission test will be made on the basis of Common entrance test to be conducted by the university in May-June 2008. The detailed

Two PhD Scholarships University of Erfurt, Germany (Germany) Commencing 1 November 2008 the University of Erfurt will award two doctoral scholarships via the Center of Empirical Research in Economic and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB) and one post-doctoral scholarship for women via the University of Erfurt. The Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Science (CEREB) is a collabora

In a move that will cheer up lovers of vehicles that can travel on both water and (very flat) land, students at a German engineering university have built a one-person hovercraft that uses an air thrust system to move and steer. Folks over at the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences use a pneumatic propeller that pushes air through two channels. Each of the channels has a pair of flaps that b

Click above for a photo gallery courtesy of AB reader Aleks Witko Thanks to reader Aleks Witko, who sent in the enclosed shots of the SS-ified (but certainly not sissified) 2008 edition of Bumblebee. The Transformers crew was shooting scenes at Drexel University in Philly, and Aleks scored some nice overhead shots of the car down [...]

Location: Teagasc Johnstown Castle, Wexford, with close contact with Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Core Brief: - To conduct a Life Cycle Analysis of grass production in... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Wageningen, 6706 KN, (Gelderland), 38 hours per week Wageningen University and Researchcentre Job description The Integrated Project Q-Porkchains is a large EU funded international research and... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Grade 7 GBP 27,466 - 33,780 p.a. The Post: We are seeking to recruit a highly motivated postdoctoral research fellow with experience in molecular biology and genetics to join a group that is... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Based in the Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, you will work in the Centre for Quantum Photonics in the area of optical quantum information science.... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Postdoctoral Research Associate Position Announcement One post-doctoral research scientist position is available in the laboratory of Dr. Anjelica Gonzalez at Yale University, Department of... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

The Department of Physics at Old Dominion University is seeking a Postdoctoral Research Associate to join the Experimental Nuclear Physics group, working primarily at the nearby Thomas Jefferson... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

Postdoctoral positions are immediately available in the Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. These positions are jointly sponsored by... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

A DOE-supported postdoctoral position is available to participate in a project investigating basic mechanisms in oxygenic photosynthesis. The major objective is to define the transcriptional... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

LONDON (AP) — Kevin Spacey already has two Academy Awards and heads London’s Old Vic theater. Now he can add a new title - Oxford University professor. The Hollywood star has been named Cameron Mackintosh Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theater at Oxford’s St. Catherine’s College, officials there announced Friday. Spacey will succeed Shakespearean actor and “Star

Mike Michalson, president of New College of Florida, was appointed as president of the Florida Association of Colleges and Universities at its annual meeting in Orlando on Wednesday. Michalson's term is for the 2008-2009 academic year. He previously served as...

The University grew out of the Illinois Industrial College, chartered in 1867 and opened on March 2, 1868. Confused for many years over its proper function, the school did not begin to exert much influence in the State until the closing years of the century. One group stoutly insisted that the Morrill Act limited the scope [...]

Novel techniques to reduce losses in low-voltage network caused by power quality problemsCentre for Sustainable Power Distribution (CSPD)Supervisor: Dr Myo AungDescription:The Centre for Sustainable Power Distribution (CSPD), Bath, is seeking a dynamic and self motivated person to work on a project funded by EPSRC/Supergen–Flexnet Consortium to develop novel techniques to reduce losses in low-vo

Understanding Molecular Chemical Reactions Inside SolidsDepartment of ChemistryApplications are invited to undertake a PhD project that aims to understand chemical reactions occurring in molecular crystalline solids. It is anticipated based upon our early results (see J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9584 and 2007, 129, 15606, Chemical Communications, 2007, 1532 and Angewandte Chemie 2008, 47, 1693) t

Programme management: a dynamic capabilities perspectiveInternational Centre for Programme ManagementCranfield School of Management - one of Europe's top management schools - is offering this PhD studentship within its International Centre for Programme Management, a world-leading hub for research into this important emerging discipline. The studentship is tenable for four years from October 2008.