Functions

Why commercial banks are important in the economy? The banks gained special importance among financial intermediaries in the past centuries. Their comparative advantage stems from those functions that banks fulfill in the financial system. The most typical functions are the following: Delegated monitoring: because of the presence of information [...]

The Master database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is theglue that holds the engine together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning masterdatabase, you must administer this database with care.The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTSpackages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created inthe instance.

The individuals who aspire to become the Home Information Pack inspectors have to undergo the Home Information Pack training courses in order to qualify themselves as a Home Information Pack inspector. The Home Information Pack inspector enjoys the authority to deal with the certification schemes [...]

Please read Arrays and Array Processing in PHP for an introduction to arrays in PHP. You may also want to read Sorting Arrays in PHP…Some Sorting Functions and Other Ways of Initializing Arrays in PHP. shuffle() Function This function can shuffle or randomly arrange the elements of an arrays. It takes an arrays as argument and manipulates on the original array passed. $ar=array(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); shuffle($ar); //$ar=array(7) { [0]=> int(5) [1]=>  //int(4) [2]=> int(3) [3]=> int(1)  //[4]=> int(6) [5]=> int(7) [6]=> int(2) } //will be different for each run As you can see the elements of the array ‘$ar’

We can construct simply logic functions for our hypothetical lamp circuit, using multiple contacts, and document these circuits quite easily and understandably with additional rungs to our original "ladder." If we use standard binary notation for the status of the switches and lamp (0 for unactuated or de-energized; 1 for actuated or energized), a truth table can be made to show how the logic works: Now, the lamp will come on if either contact A or contact B is actuated, because all it takes for the lamp to be energized is to have at least one path for current from wire L1 to wire 1. What we have is a simple OR logic function, implemented with nothing more than contacts and a lamp. We can mimic the AND logic function by wiring the two contacts in series instead of parallel:

So far we’ve been using PHPs built-in functions to do our tasks; we also declared and used user-defined function in the post Creating a Simple Visitor Counter in PHP. However, we didn’t discuss much about them. For those of you who are curious to know more about user-defined functions or those who’d doubts, I’ve written this post. Read along to know more about user-defined functions. Declaring functions In PHP functions are declared using the keyword ‘function’ as below: function func-name(arg-list) {     … } Here ‘arg-list’ may be empty if you don’t want the function to take any arguments. If you remember from the post Creating a Simple Visitor Counter in PHP, we’d sta

Oh, so you want to learn how to sort arrays in PHP. But, did I tell you that PHP has inbuilt sorting functions. Well, I’ve now! So this post will not be anything but discussion on those sorting functions. Let’s look at them without wasting any more time. sort() Function This function, as the name suggest can be used to sort single dimensional arrays in ascending order. PHP is intelligent enough to also sort string arrays very well besides numerical arrays. $ar=array(1,11,38,65,2,99); sort($ar); //gives array(6) { [0]=> int(1) [1]=> int(11) [2]=> //     int(38) [3]=> int(56) [4]=> int(65) [5]=> int(99) } The optional second a

PHP has got wide range of in-built functions for manipulating strings, in the post String Manipulation functions in PHP we discussed some of them which are frequently used/needed. Here we’ll be discussing about the rest of the functions, but again not all of them. implode() or join() function Prototype: string implode(string separator, array arr); This function does the opposite of explode() function. Explode divides a string into array of strings on a separator, this one joins an array of strings with a separator to form a string. join() and implode() functions are identical. $str="PHP is a web programming language."; $ar=explode(' ',$str); //now $ar contains each word of the str

CopyFile Function in VB.Net Imports System.IO Function CopyFile(ByVal sSourceFile As String, ByVal sDestnFile As String) Dim oFile As New FileInfo(sSourceFile) If oFile.Exists Then oFile.CopyTo(sDestnFile) Else MsgBox("File Does not exist") End If End Function Use the FileInfo class for typical operations such as copying, moving, renaming, creating, opening, deleting, and appending to files. Many of the FileInfo methods return other I/O types when you create or open files. You can use these other types to further manipulate a file. For more information, see specific FileInfo members such as Open, OpenRead, OpenText, CreateText, or Create. If you are going to reuse an object several times, co

Yahoo Inc. is outsourcing the Internet telephone functions of its instant messaging program to the startup Jajah. Jajah will connect the calls to and from users of Yahoo Messenger and take care of billing and customer care, Jajah said Tuesday. Terms of the deal where not announced. No employees are moving over to Jajah. The deal is [...]

In the previous post Properties of String in PHP, we were discussing about the different properties of strings in PHP. String manipulation as you know, is an important part of web programming. PHP being a web programming language thus provides good set of string manipulation functions. In this post we’re going to discuss some of those which arte frequently needed. 1. trim() function Prototype: string trim (string str); This function strips white spaces from the start and end of the string supplied returning the resulting string.. When we have to take user input via form, it’d be a good idea to “trim” the variables as extra white spaces sometimes creep in. $name=trim($_GET['name']; 2. explode() function Prototype: array&nbs

By HispanicIf you want to simulate the form and feel of real breasts, then you should purchase gel bras. These types of bras are often made with silicone gel. They are cheaper and safer alternative to breast implants of silicone.Common types of bras are usually made without straps unlike gel bras. In lieu of straps, locks are used at the back to secure the bra. Gel bras, unlike common types of bras, are usually made without straps. They are worn using locks at the back. In most cases, gel bras are backless and only come with two cups that connect at the middle. Gel bras designed with this style are self-adhesive, which means that no locks or any type of adhesive has to be used to make it stick to your breasts. It is important, though, to find the perfect size of gel bras for your form and

With 8 GB iPhones more rarely Derby County own bed linen - it seems that the 3G-hyped ludicrously output is just around the corner - and this is obviously, what we can expect ...Prolifique Engadget tech bloggers, they receive word "trust", the tests on a pre-production of the second generation iPhone following information: * "3 G" (duh) * GPS - good news, because that was the subject of a doubt * A new glossy black and chrome buttons volume * "In about the same screen size (3.5in) and resolution (480 x 320 pixels) * Even the form factor, but with more corners * A slight increase in the thickness * A hunting headphone (farewell adapter) * Battery is not removable drives (Apple no longer to do) * An earlier version July (ridiculous to search RIM)Among the omissions - Consideration o

Navigation in the three dimensions is the primary objective of the GPS. The GPS will have avery important role in the mission of the Railway Safety. The main function of the GPS is toget the interconnectivity of the various points that will be mentioned in the later sections and tonote the position and speed of the train and respond to the signals that are picked up by thesensors and send the signals to the Train Drivers and the Guards of the Train Ground Stationscontaining the network of the Cabins, Station Masters, Control Rooms and all the relatedpoints on the ground. Thus giving all the details of the train in a very much understandable andvisual form. The signals that are picked up by the satellites will be then processed and checkedfor any kind of the faulty situations by simply comp

BB FlashBack 2.0 is an easy-to-use screen recording software that lets you make movies of your Windows desktop very quickly. It is also very light and uses its own video capture driver so your system performance won’t be affected during the screen recording phase. *BB FlashBack would cost $225 per copy but some of you may have the software for free as we couple of licensed copies to giveaway. While the basic screen recording features in BB FlashBack are pretty much the same as available in other competing titles (like Camtasia Studio), the software really shines on three counts: 1. When you start recording the screen, you get an option to automatically change the screen resolution, set the desktop wallpaper as blank and/or hide all the desktop icons. These little things are such a tim

Teac R2 is a retro styled AM/FM table radio with a built-in clock and alarm. It also features an auxiliary miniplug Input that lets you connect an … Our price: $128.99  Buy it now for $128.99 (List Price: $112.86) More: continued here

To better understand how your body reactions to the foods we ingest and toxins, we will explain the functions of your vital organs. Liver Largest glandular organ in the body. Produces substances that... [[ This is a content summary only. Visit my website for full links, other content, and more! ]]

When in doubt as to what the future holds, look through the code strings. A group of Greek writers has recently combed the text strings of the recent beta of Apple's iPhone 2.0 firmware. Once again, the text strings refer to unannounced iPhone features such as the following: -Strings found containing the text "A2DP" and "HeadphoneBT" may imply stereo Bluetooth as well as a possible Bluetooth remote control feature. read more

Sigma Onyx Pro Digitally Coded Heartrate Monitor 8 Functions Black (Misc.)By Sigma Buy new: $92.753 used and new from $89.99 Customer Rating: First tagged “fitness” by Vijay Viswanathan “Firemonk” Customer tags: fitness, [...]

The Master database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is theglue that holds the engine together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning masterdatabase, you must administer this database with care.The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTSpackages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created inthe instance.

There are three types of User-Defined functions in SQL Server 2000 and they are Scalar, Inline Table-Valued and Multi-statement Table-valued.Scalar User-Defined FunctionA Scalar user-defined function returns one of the scalar data types. Text, ntext, image and timestampdata types are not supported. These are the type of user-defined functions that most developers areused to in other programming languages. You pass in 0 to many parameters and you get a returnvalue.Inline Table-Value User-Defined FunctionAn Inline Table-Value user-defined function returns a table data type and is an exceptional alternativeto a view as the user-defined function can pass parameters into a T-SQL select command and inessence provide us with a parameterized, non-updateable view of the underlying tables.Multi-stat

Today I was asked what was the replacement for the IIF command in MS Access and how to manage nulls in SQL Server.  So I decided to write about nulls, not that I like to work with them...but sometimes we don't have a choice ;)   SQL Server may generate unexpected results when performing calculations on columns that have NULL values. So, to resolve this problem you need to use the ISNULL, NULLIF, and COALESCE functions of SQL Server 2005 when your columns hold NULL values.    ISNULL: The ISNULL function replaces NULL values with the specified replacement value. The following is the syntax of the ISNULL function:   ISNULL ( check_expression , replacement_value )   The function takes the following arguments:

Effect of NULL Values on Aggregate Functions NULL values may cause aggregate functions to produce unexpected or incorrect results because these functions ignore NULL values for calculations. For example, if the Weight column of a table has 504 records, of which 299 records have NULL values, the average of this column calculated by using the AVG function may return incorrect values. The following code example demonstrates this: USE AdventureWorks GO   SELECT AVG(Weight) AS 'Average Weight' FROM Production.Product   When we execute the query, we get an average weight of 74.069219.  We get this result because when calculating the average, the AVG function considers only the 205 rows that contain non-NULL values. However, it is expected that the function considers all th

As we have said, the LASIK combines the techniques of surgical efficacy verified of corneal strip and correction with laser excímer, obtaining thus excellent results and a fast recovery of the view. The LASIK is efficient to correct most cases of nearby vision, to distance and astigmatism. All the patients of Nationwide Vision are submitted to meticulous eyes exams as well as to a consultation with the Dr. Kamal. During the patient consultation and surgeon they discuss which is the surgical procedure that more agrees the patient. The day of the operation we bring the patient to the laser surgery room where will go to bed in a comfortable reclining chair and drops of an eye drops they will apply him themselves to go to sleep the surface of the eye. The strip or laminilla LASIK is perf

Use The result of each check is stored in the document and is used to calculate the overall status. The subsequent functions are the same for all the checks, namely credit limits, payment cards, export credit insurance, and documentary payments. Features Using the credit status, you can block the following functions during order processing:Creating material reservations Creating purchase requisitions Creating production orders/planned orders Creating delivery due indices Printing order confirmations Creating deliveries In Shipping you can use the credit status to block the following functions: Picking Packing Posting goods issue Printing delivery notes For particularly important or urgent credit problems, you can use output control to specify that electronic mail messag

"Shell Curses" is a library of script functions that provide the shell programmer the ability to perform text-based cursor movements to specified locations on the screen. This ability permits the creation of menuing and data-entry systems using shell scripts without the need for compiled binaries. These functions are similar to the "C" language "Curses" library.

"Shell Curses" is a library of script functions that provide the shell programmer the ability to perform text-based cursor movements to specified locations on the screen. This ability permits the creation of menuing and data-entry systems using shell scripts without the need for compiled binaries. These functions are similar to the "C" language "Curses" library.

, medically, is apound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland that is categorized call of the mammalian reproductive work The decree of the prostate gland is like a walnut and it measures around 1.The urethra (a tube that carries semen and urine) runs thoroughly the prostate gland.Is respecting that case any variant in anatomy of the prostate gland directly affects to the urination or the frequency of the maturation.Formation OF THE PROSTATE GLAND championing the good of studying it, the gland has been divided in four zones; external locale principal locale modification locale and anterior fibro- well-muscled locale extent respecting evident anatomy, the gland has been divided into four lobes namely; anterior lobe (or isthmus), posterior lobe, lateral lobes and median lobe (also known as bulls-eye

It's recently been found that the apps created by developers using the SDK will not have access to iTunes on the device, or any other music-related feature. While the decision will give the iTunes Store a competitive edge by making the iTunes Wi-Fi store the most convenient, it will also make the development of any iTunes plugins impossible. [via iPodNN] read more

The net users can familiar with various important techniques, which are used in the Firefox for web browsing. These techniques like tabbed browsing, stopping and reloading of web pages, revisiting web pages are not found in the other web browser like Internet Explorer and many more. Therefore, that makes Firefox interesting alternative for the web users.

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Few days ago, I wrote about SQL SERVER - Find All The User Defined Functions (UDF) in a Database. Regular reader of this blog Madhivanan has suggested following alternate method to do the same task of finding all the user defined functions in database. USE AdventureWorks GO SELECT specific_name,specific_schema FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type='function' GO Reference : Pinal Dave (), Madhivanan [...]

If you logged in on or after sunday feb 17th you have probably experienced the new look for the bStore Manager. If the interface looks a bit off refresh the page because your browser may be caching the old stylesheets. We looked at all the things you need to do in the bStore, and put them [...]

Using the Yield Add-In FunctionsBy Stephen Nelson Excel provides five functions that let you make price calculations for securities such as bonds more easily: YIELD, YIELDDISC, ODDFYIELD, ODDLYIELD, and ODDLYIELD. (Excel s online help file supplies the actual formulas used for many of these yield functions.) Some Background Info on the Yield Functions As a group, the functions [...]

Using the French Depreciation Add-In FunctionsBy Stephen Nelson Excel supplies two special functions for making French depreciation calculations, AMORDEGRC and AMORLINC. Both functions use a similar set of arguments, including the asset cost, purchase date, date at the end of the first period, salvage value, accounting period, depreciation rate, and basis. You specify the basis as 0 for [...]

It’s a good practice to divide the program into several functions such that parts of the program don’t get repeated a lot and to make the code easily understandable. We all know that calling and returning from a function generates some overhead. The overhead is sometimes to such an extent that it makes significant effect on the overall speed of certain complex and function-oriented programs. In most cases, we have only a few functions that have extensive use and make significant impact on the performance of the whole program. Not using functions is not an option, using function-like macros is an option, but there is a better solution, to use Inline Functions. Yes, like it sounds, inline functions are expanded at the place of calling rather than being “really called” thus reducing the overhead. It means wherever we call an inline function, compiler will expand the code there and no actual calling will be done. Member functions of cl

Dynamic Management Views (DMV) and Dynamic Management Functions (DMF) return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance. They can exactly tell what is going on with SQL Server and its objects at the moment.There are tow kinds of DMVs and DMFs. Server-scoped dynamic management views and functions. Database-scoped dynamic management views and functions. All dynamic management views and functions exist in the sys schema and follow this naming convention dm_*. When you use a dynamic management view or function, you must prefix the name of the view or function by using the sys schema. Following are major categories of DMVs and DMVs. Common Language Runtime Related Dynamic Management Views I/O Related Dynamic Management Views and Functions Database Mirroring Related Dynamic Management Views Query Notifications Related Dynamic Management Views Database Related Dynamic Management Views Replication Related Dynam

This BcLib issue adds new trading functions:- ReliableModifyTakeProfit() and ReliableModifyStopLoss(), which attempt to place and repair the TP and SL levels , by moving them up or down (take profit, for buys and sells) , down or up (stop loss, for buys and sells) in order to avoid ERR_INVALID_STOPS, which is the only error handled by these functions. The fast functions ModifyTakeProfit() and ModifyStopLoss(), older, simply attempt to do this once without handling any error.- ReliableOrderPlace(), which is an upgrade of the ReliableOrderSend() . The difference is that SL and TP are integers , given by the user in pips. ReliableOrderPlace() calls ReliableOrderSend() to manage placing of the order without SL and TP, then it uses ReliableModifyTakeProfit() and ReliableModifyStopLoss to set TP and SL levels. This is why, if any errors appear in the log, they are reported by ReliableOrderSend(), not by ReliableOrderPlace(). Attached File(s)  bclib_update_nov_23.zip ( 52.21K ) Nu

As the battle continues to rage across the nation between Republicans who want to encourage privatization of states’ intake programs for Food Stamps and Democrats who want to preserve the program’s accountability and integrity, Texas is once again in the spotlight. And, as usual, it’s for nothing good. Texas’ disaster with Accenture and the privatization of Health and Human Services intake programs is center stage as a case study at a new website, Need Over Greed. Here is some of what they had to say about the Texas debacle: In 2005, four Texas counties signed a contract worth $899 million with Accenture, a Bermuda-based company, to outsource Food Stamp and Medicaid eligibility jobs to call center operators. The results were disastrous. Experienced public employees were terminated and replaced with poorly trained, low-paid call center operators. Thousands of phone calls went unanswered. Even worse, 127,000 needy children were dropped from the health care roles b

Based from the term itself, the spark plug is responsible for providing an electrode gap to produce an ignition to the vapor packed in fuel-air mixture. It also provides the gas-tight path starting from the high-tension lead wire to the supplied electrode gap. At great engine velocity, about 20,000 volts must be produced in roughly 40 times every second without any dripping to the ground. There are three main parts consisting the spark plug; the electrode, insulator and the threaded meta shell. To combine all of these and form a complete leak-resistant component, dry powder or cement is being used. Both the insulator tip and electrode are prone to intense change in temperature, from the normal fresh air to about an extreme 4,000oF as well as under great pressure reaching to 800 lb for every square inch. The tip of the insulator determines the range of heat of the spark plug, whether cold or hot. Due to potential replacement or great force during removal, the insulator tip can be broken

REPORT ZSOURCE0707.* Self-explanatory formulasDATA: A TYPE P, B LIKE A, X LIKE A, Y LIKE A, INCOME TYPE I, TAX TYPE P, NET_INCOME TYPE P, ALPHA TYPE P.Y = A * X + B.NET_INCOME = INCOME * ( 1 - TAX ).Y = X * COS( ALPHA ).* Arithmetic expressionsDATA: BLACK_SWANS TYPE I, WHITE_SWANS TYPE I.DATA PERCENTAGE TYPE P DECIMALS 2.PERCENTAGE = BLACK_SWANS * 100 / ( BLACK_SWANS + WHITE_SWANS ).* Associative lawDATA: N1 TYPE P, N2 TYPE P, N3 TYPE P, N4 TYPE P, N5 TYPE P.N5 = ( ( N1 - ( N2 / N3 ) ) * ( N4 + N1 ) / N5 ).N5 = ( N1 - N2 / N3 ) * ( N4 + N1 ) / N5.* More formulas including mathematical functionsDATA: W TYPE P, D TYPE I, N TYPE P, Q TYPE I, R TYPE P.Y = X * COS( ALPHA ).A = 1.W = EXP( B * LOG( A ) ).D = N DIV Q.---------------------ABAPer, mail: abap.community@gmail.com http://abaplearner.blogspot.com

It never fails that when a new gadget is invented it happens after just about everyone I know has stopped doing whatever it pertains to. The USB Lighter is a perfect example. A nifty little lighter that uses coils like a car lighter but gains it's heat from computer power seems a neat idea. Better is it actually contains some space for memory, making it not quite retardely ridiculous as most USB powered items that have appeared of late. But, of course, this would be coming out when almost everyone I know is quitting smoking. Good timing Nathan Gabriele...via Yanko Design

Numerous individual users of cell phones own their phone since they travel frequently or devote much of their time on the road. Additionally, they may carry with them an independent global positioning system or GPS to assist in determining their way when they travel and the recently introduced cellular phone GPS can help with both functions with a single component to carry when you are traveling on the road.Whenever you are traveling it is no fun to be directionless and although your cell phone might be excellent for requesting guidance, it cannot consistently ensure the individual you telephoned will have in mind the most effective road to take to your destination. A cellular phone GPS has the ability to provide you the shortest time-saving solution of acquiring turn-by-turn instructions and depending on the kind of phone and degree of service you have, can additionally provide a map to examine so you need not worry in regards to ever being lost again.The majority of individuals who t

Assume, you work and work in LoadRunner, create and create scripts.Eventually, you face the situation when your code is duplicated in many scripts. This is a wrong way! Take my word for it :)I will show - why it is and how to struggle against it.Duplicated code is an evil, because:If you fix/modify a duplicated code, you have to edit each occurrence of this code.It needs add debug messages into duplicated code, you have to add debug functions into each occurrence of this code.If you decide to change the algorithm, implemented in a duplicated code, you are reluctant to find and edit it in each occurrence of this code. If you have tens or hundreds VuGen tests, containing diplicated code, the support can become a nightmare. Rework will cost too much!!! You must avoid it from the beginning.Wel

Assume, you work and work in LoadRunner, create and create scripts.Eventually, you face the situation when your code is duplicated in many scripts. This is a wrong way! Take my word for it :)I will show - why it is and how to struggle against it.Duplicated code is an evil, because:If you fix/modify a duplicated code, you have to edit each occurrence of this code.It needs add debug messages into duplicated code, you have to add debug functions into each occurrence of this code.If you decide to change the algorithm, implemented in a duplicated code, you are reluctant to find and edit it in each occurrence of this code. If you have tens or hundreds VuGen tests, containing diplicated code, the support can become a nightmare. Rework will cost too much!!! You must avoid it from the beginning.Wel

Deterministic functions always returns the same output result all the time it is executed for same input values. i.e. ABS, DATEDIFF, ISNULL etc. Nondeterministic functions may return different results each time they are executed. i.e. NEWID, RAND, @@CPU_BUSY etc. Functions that call extended stored procedures are nondeterministic. User-defined functions that create side effects on the database are not recommended. Reference : Pinal Dave (http://www.SQLAuthority.com)

There is news today that over seven thousand former students of the University of Cincinnati were affected in a data breach.  A flash drive with sensitive information on 7366 students and graduates was stolen from an employee’s desk. One of the people interviewed for the article, Cybil Pearson, stated that she had not been at the University of Cincinnati since 1997, so this is a surprising and annoying development for her.  Like many people entering their thirties, she’s probably in a state where she monitors her credit carefully as her carrier takes off and she begins to have several opportunities for investing assets, be it a new home or otherwise.  If somebody were to take over her identity, it will be a huge setback for her.  Trying to get things straightened out would not be easy, as detailed numerous times in the media. One might wonder, why is a university hanging on to this information in years after graduation?  In many ways, purging information o

Meat processing is defined as any mechanical, chemical or enzymatic treatment of meat which alters the form from which it originally occurs. Functions of meat processing: 1. Preservation and/or self-life extension 2. Tenderization 3. Meat cookery

First BMW integrated the iPhone into the vehicle lineup. Then Audi followed suit with their iPhone-integration announcement. If you’re a fan of German cars (we sure are), it doesn’t get much better than that. Or, does it?Audi, apparently not satisfied with integrating Apple’s iconic iPhone into their vehicles, has a new concept on their hands. The Audi metroproject concept, dubbed the “Audi Mobile Device,” is an iPhone-like mobile phone that also controls the vehicle’s functions. Keyless entry, heating/cooling, navigation input, audio/video - they’re all controlled from the Audi Mobile Device’s touchscreen. And, once you get inside your car, the 3G and WiFi packin’ device slots right into the dashboard - slick.But it doesn’t end there. The Audi Mobile Device is wirelessly linked with your vehicle at all times, and will not only notify you of a break-in but also snap a pic of the intruder with your Audi’s on-board camera and wirelessly beam it to you. Then, if said

Do you find yourself having to dish out cash for a function that you either don't want to attend or feel that you haven't known the person that's retiring, having a baby, etc. for a long time?Most people actually feel this way, since if they just started working with the firm, it can be quite embarrassing and uncomfortable. Just tell the person that's in charge of the event that you would like to contribute something, but feel that you haven't known the person for long enough and would not like to participate. Make sure to do this as a one-on-one conversation and ask the person to keep it confidential.If, on the other hand, you are willing to participate in these functions, here are some quick guidelines to keep things in line:Ask staff members to contribute a voluntary amount, instead of specifying an exact figure. This will make them feel more comfortable by contributing what they want.Send out an anonymous envelope or general e-mail to all staff members, so they feel more comfo

Sometimes we need to validate an input from client browser before we push the value into further proccess, here i share 3 simple functions to perform validation input from forms and or querrystrings Validate Integer Value Using isNumeric function function isNumeric($n){ return ( $n == strval(intval($n)) )? true : false; } the simple php function above will perform an integer validation input, the proccess is pretty simple, the if control structure will evaluate whether the argument value ($n) has the same type with itself after cast to integer (strval(intval($n))), the right part of if expression (strval(intval($n))) is a simple way to cast any type of variable into integer. Sample of usage: echo ‘<br />isNumeric(1) = ‘.(string)isNumeric(1); echo ‘<br />isNumeric("a") = ‘.(string)isNumeric(‘a’); echo ‘<br />isNumeric(0.1) = ‘.(string)isNumeric(0.1); Validate Float Value Using isFloat function function isFl

I have not written about this subject for long time, as I strongly believe that Book On Line explains this concept very well. SQL Server 2005 has total of 4 ranking function. Ranking functions return a ranking value for each row in a partition. All the ranking functions are non-deterministic. ROW_NUMBER () OVER ([<partition_by_clause>] <order_by_clause>) Returns the sequential number of a row within a partition of a result set, starting at 1 for the first row in each partition. RANK () OVER ([<partition_by_clause>] <order_by_clause>) Returns the rank of each row within the partition of a result set. DENSE_RANK () OVER ([<partition_by_clause>] <order_by_clause>) Returns the rank of rows within the partition of a result set, without any gaps in the ranking. NTILE (integer_expression) OVER ([<partition_by_clause>] <order_by_clause>) Distributes the rows in an ordered partition into a specified number of groups. All the above definition and s

Author: Andrew NovickPaperback: 480 pagesPublisher: Wordware Publishing, (January 2004) Language: EnglishISBN: 1556220790(R) Discusses creating, using, and managing user-defined functions and system user-defined functions. Covers the three types of UDFs and how to create and use them, how to debug UDFs, and more. Zip Password: T0sT@rN@

Author: Arie Jones, Ryan K. StephensPaperback: 790 pagesPublisher: Wrox (April 2005) Language: EnglishISBN: 0764569015(R) Gives programmers two-in-one coverage, with both a ""how-to"" on SQL functions and a complete SQL functions reference SQL is the standard language for database queries; this book's advanced coverage helps programmers write their own SQL functions Covers both the internationally standardized SQL 99 functions and the hundreds of additional functions introduced by vendors, including the subtle variations required to successfully migrate or interoperate between vendor products Covers the latest versions of the major relational database management system (RDMS) applications: MS SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2, and MySQL Zip Password: T0sT@rN@

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MATLAB Commands and Functions - Quick Reference is now available for download in PDF format separately. The MATLAB Commands and Functions - Quick Reference summarizes the essential MATLAB commands and functions for every user. The current Reversion is Revision 1.0, released with the Intro2Matlab Revision 2.0 (Second Edition) eBook. Download MATLAB_Quick_Reference.zip | [...]

More than half of the population around the world suffers ache or pain ranging from mild to severe, somewhere in their body which diminishes the quality of their life. Fortunately with the want to lead a painless life certain devices made of magnet were discovered to serve the purpose of reducing the pain which with the changing time was shaped into jewelry in a variety of strengths that can be used for a multitude of purposes.The piece of magnetic jewelry you choose and the strength of that piece is completely a matter of personal choice. The stronger the strength of the magnet the more effective it is likely to be, but the effects vary from person to person. The main purpose of magnetic jewelry is to provide comfortably diminishing pain through magnetic therapy. The increasing blood flow further increases the level of oxygenation of the blood and flushing out of toxins in the body on wearing the magnetic jewelry thus diminishing the pain.The different types of magnetic jewelry are de

If you've ever wanted to manipulate the capitalization of your PHP strings, then this lesson will be quite helpful to you. PHP has three primary capitalization related functions: strtoupper, strtolower and ucwords. The function names are pretty self-explanatory, but why they are useful in programming might be new to you. Converting a String to Upper Case - strtoupper The strtoupper function

Database Functions db_check This function captures and compares data from a database. Note that the checklist file (arg1) can be created only during record. arg1 - checklist file. db_connect This function creates a new connection session with a database. arg1 - the session name (string) arg2 - a connection string for example “DSN=SQLServer_Source;UID=SA;PWD=abc123″ db_disconnect This function disconnects from the database and deletes the session. arg1 - the session name (string) db_dj_convert This function executes a Data Junction conversion export file (djs). arg1 - the export file name (*.djs) arg2 - an optional parameter to override the output file name arg3 - a boolean optional parameter whether to include the headers (the default is TRUE) arg4 - an optional parameter to limit the records number (-1 is no limit and is the default) db_execute_query This function executes an SQL statement. Note that a db_connect for (arg1) should be called before this function

Common Functions that you can use in Report Header or Footer Sections, while designing Reports, are given below. Copy and Paste the VB Code into a Global Module of your database and save it.Write the Functions in the form of a Formula in Text Boxes as shown in the Syntax.Function to display formatted Page Numbers.Function : PageNo()Syntax : =PageNo([page],[pages])Result : Page : 1 / XXX where XXX stands for maximum number of pages of the Report.Note : [page],[pages] are MS-Access built-in Report Variables and must be used as shown.Code:Public Function PageNo(ByVal pg As Variant, _ByVal pgs As Variant) As String‘----------------------------------------------------------‘Output : Page: 1/25‘ : Call from a Report Text Box control‘Author : a.p.r. pillai‘Date : 01/09/2007‘Remarks : The Formatted Text takes up 15 character space‘----------------------------------------------------------Dim strPg As String, k As IntegerOn Error GoTo PageNo_Errpg = Nz(pg, 0): pg

Motherboard : System Bus Types, Functions, and FeaturesThe heart of any motherboard is the various signal pathways or buses that carry signals between the components. A bus is a common pathway across which data can travel within a computer. This pathway is used for communication and can be established between two or more computer elements.The PC has a hierarchy of different buses. Most modern PCs have at least three main buses; some have four or more. They are hierarchical because each slower bus is connected to the faster one above it. Each device in the system is connected to one of the buses, and some devices (primarily the chipset) act as bridges between the various buses. The main buses in a modern system are as follows:Processor bus. Also called the front-side bus (FSB), this is the highest-speed bus in the system and is at the core of the chipset and motherboard. This bus is used primarily by the processor to pass information to and from cache or main memory and the North Bridge

The heart of any motherboard is the various signal pathways or buses that carry signals between the components. A bus is a common pathway across which data can travel within a computer. This pathway is used for communication and can be established between two or more computer elements. The PC has a hierarchy of different buses. Most modern PCs have at least three main buses; some have four or more. They are hierarchical because each slower bus is connected to the faster one above it. Each device in the system is connected to one of the buses, and some devices (primarily the chipset) act as bridges between the various buses.The main buses in a modern system are as follows:Processor bus. Also called the front-side bus (FSB), this is the highest-speed bus in the system and is at the core of the chipset and motherboard. This bus is used primarily by the processor to pass information to and from cache or main memory and the North Bridge of the chipset. The processor bus in a modern system r

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Rimonabant Acomplia an anti obesity drug Rimonabant acomplia is an anti-obesity drug now available in UK. Rimonabant acomplia has been hailed by some doctors on the basis of Rimonabant clinical trials as a major breakthrough in treating obesity. Rimonabant Acomplia is a diet pill used for the weight loss. Rimonabant acomplia is available online in 20mg pill.which can be available online in UK from rimonabantonline.org. Rimonabant acomplia is a miracle drug for the patient of obesity. It have been proved that patient whose BMI is greater than 30 can buy Rimonabant acomplia online as prescribe bye our doctor and loss their weight effectively. How does Rimonabant Acomplia works?? Acomplia is the brand name of Rimonabant has been developed by the French Pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Synthelabo to control the obesity in human body. Rimonabant Acomplia has been created to act not only on the mechanism of the human brain but also simultaneously it acts on the nerve cells that control the ener

Rimonabant as a diet pill     Abdominal fat is a Kingpin of heart disease. Rimonabant Acomplia diet pill reduces fat located in the abdominal area. A substantial drop in weight attributed to taking  Rimonabant  Acomplia diet pill, constituted lower triglycerides, and improved the HDL cholesterol levels, as well as Rimonabant helped desensitize insulin levels in the blood. How does Rimonabant Acomplia diet pill works?? Rimonabant  Acomplia is a wonder drug of the future in regards to weight loss. Rimonabant  Acomplia   works in suppressing the appetite, thus resulting in weight loss. You can buy Rimonabant acomplia diet pill online for the treatment of obesity. Rimonabant is a miracle pill for effective weight loss.   Functions of Rimonabant Acomplia Buy Rimonabant a miracle drug which works by blocking the CB-1 receptors in human brain, which administer the food intake. These CB-1 receptors are found in the Endo-Cannobinoid (EC) system. In simple terms it acts as an appetite

In this tutorial, we will learn how to: Define a function. Generate a Unit Step Function. Generate the Ramp Function. Generate the Unit Rectangular Function (RECT). Generate the Sinc Function. Click here to download the PDF version of this tutorial (.pdf format). Click here to download my Intro2matlab eBook. Now, let’s start … The User Defined Function The user defined function is [...]

We have seen how public-key and symmetric-key cryptography techniques can provide data privacy and sender authentication. The elements remaining in our wish list are integrity and accountability (see 1.1.1, “Security Objectives” on page 2). The techniques usually used to implement these features are hashing or message digest algorithms. The principal attributes of a secure hashing junction are the following:It is a one-way process. That is, it is impossible (or at least extremely difficult) to reconstruct the original data from the hashed result.The hashed result is not predictable. That is, given one set of source data it is extremely difficult to find another set of data with the same hashed result.You can compare the process to mashing a potato. No two potatoes will produce exactly the same heap of mash, and you cannot recreate the original potat

In this article we’re going to overload the shorthand addition (+=) and subtraction (-=) operators using friend functions. As you can observe in the program below, the operator functions are taking the first argument (operand) as a reference (call by reference). This is due the fact that these operators need to alter the data of the actual operand itself. This is similar to the case of increment/decrement operators (click for detailed information). // Overloading the shorthand // += and -= operators using // friend functions #include <iostream.h> class myclass { int a; int b; public: myclass(){} myclass(int x,int y){a=x;b=y;} void show() { cout<<a<<endl<<b<<endl; } // declared as friend friend myclass operator+=(myclass&, myclass); friend myclass operator-=(myclass&, myclass); }; myclass operator+=(myclass &ob1, myclass ob2 ) { // data of the fir

From the article Overloading Post-Fix Forms of ++ and -- Operators, we know that the postfix form of the increment/decrement operator function takes two arguments, one is passed implicitly and the other as usual. Its general form is: ret-type operator++(int); As we know that when we overload operators as friends, all the operands (arguments) are passed explicitly. So, the general form for overloading postfix form of increment/decrement operators using friend functions should be (and it really is) like this: ret-type operator++(class-name&, int); Where the second int(eger) argument, as you know is a dummy variable and has no use. The following program illustrates this: // Program to illustrate the overloading // of increment / decrement operators // as friends // Overloads both prefix and postfix // form #include <iostream.h> class myclass { int a; int b; public: myclass(){} myclass(int x,int y){a=x;b=y;} void

In the article Operator Overloading using Friend Functions, we saw how we can overload simple operators using friend functions, in the other article Overloading Increment/Decrement Operators, we saw the method of overloading increment/decrement operators as member functions. Combining both these, we’ll try to overload the increment/decrement operators using friend functions, in this article. As we know there are some differences in overloading operators as a friend. Increment/decrement are the type of operators that need to change the operands itself. In the case of operator overloading as member functions, ‘this’ pointer was passed so any change done would result in the operand itself getting changed. But in the case of friend functions, operands are passed explicitly and that also as call by value, hence it is impossible to change the operand that way. Let’s take an example, suppose we have an object ‘ob’of a cla

Following quick tutorial demonstrates how to create T-SQL script to copy complete database schema and all of its objects such as Stored Procedure, Functions, Triggers, Tables, Views, Constraints etc. You can review your schema, backup for reference or use it to compare with previous backup. Step 1 : Start Step 2 : Welcome Screen Step 3 : Select One or Multiple Database If Script all objects in the selected database checkbox is not selected it will give options to selected individual objects on respective screen. (e.g. Stored Procedure, Triggers and all other object will have their own screen where they can be selected) Step 4 : Select database options Step 5 : Select output option Step 6 : Review Summary Step 7 : Observe script generation process Step 8 : Database object script generation completed in new query window Reference : Pinal Dave (http://www.SQLAuthority.com), All images are protected by copyright owner SQLAuthority.com

Product DetailsPublisher QueRelease Date March 14, 2007ISBN 0789736683Book Descriptions The old 80/20 rule for software—that 80% of aprogram’s users use only 20% of a program’s features doesn’t apply to Microsoft Excel. Instead, this program probably operates under what could be called the 95/5 rule: Ninety-five percent of Excel users use a mere 5% of the program’s power. On the other hand, most people know that they could be getting more out of Excel if they could only get a leg up on building formulas and using functions. Unfortunately, this side of Excel appears complex and intimidating to the uninitiated, shrouded as it is in the mysteries of mathematics, finance, and impenetrable spreadsheet jargon. If this sounds like the situation you find yourself in, and if you’re a businessperson who needs to use Excel as an everyday part of your job, you’ve come to the right book. In Formulas and Functions with Microsoft Excel 2007, I demystify the building of worksheet formu

In the article Introduction to Operator Overloading in C++, we discussed that there are two methods by which operators can be overloaded, one using the member function and the other by using friend functions. There are some differences between the two methods though, as well as there are advantages for using friend functions to overload operators over member functions. In this article we’ll be overloading the simplest operators – and + using friend function. Previously we have seen that we need to accept only one argument explicitly for binary operators and the other is passed implicitly using the ‘this’ pointer. From the article Friend Functions of a Class, we know that as friend functions are not members of a class, they don’t have a ‘this’ pointer. So how the operands are are passed in this case? Simple, all the operands are passed explicitly to the friend operator functions. There are other differences

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From the past few articles we have been discussing about Virtual Functions. Before taking up another topic for discussion I thought of providing one more example of how and when virtual functions may be used. So, here it is, a practical example of virtual function. As virtual functions and Run-Time Polymorphism goes hand-in-hand so the example here may also serve as an example of the use of run-time polymorphism. // Example to illustrate // the use of virtual functions // and run-time polymorphism #include <iostream.h> // -- SORT CLASS -- class sort { protected: int *arr; int num_elmnt; public: sort(int); ~sort(); void get_elmnt(); void show_elmnt(); virtual void do_sorting()=0; }; // takes an argument // which is the number of // elements we want sort::sort(int x) { num_elmnt=x; arr=new int[num_elmnt]; } sort::~sort() { // free up he allocated memory delete []arr; } void

In the article Properties of Virtual Functions, we discussed about two properties of virtual functions in detail. In this article we’ll be discussing about some properties of Pure Virtual Functions. Property #1: We know that a base class can’t define a pure virtual function and at the same time its derived class must define it. But what if the derived class is used as base for deriving yet another class; is this possible? Yes, it is, as is obvious from the following program: #include <iostream.h> // base class class base { public: // pure virtual function // declaration virtual void func() = 0; }; // derived class class derived1 : public base { public: // must define void func() { cout<<"Derived1's func() "; } }; // derived from class derived1 class derived2 : public derived1 { public: void func() { cout<<"Derived2's func() ";

From the past few articles we have been discussing about virtual functions but we are yet to observe any of its practical use, this article would do that! In this article we are going to show you a very simple program that illustrates the practical use of virtual functions. Please read the code carefully! // Practical example of // when virtual functions are // used #include <iostream.h> class area { protected: int mag; double a; public: area(int x){mag=x;} double get_area(){return a;} // pure virtual function virtual void compute()=0; // it is made pure as // it couldn't have any meaningful // definition since area can only // be defined w.r.t something specific }; class circle_area : public area { public: circle_area(int x) : area(x){} // now that we are referring // to area w.r.t a circle so // it is natural that we define // it void compute() { a=(mag*mag)*3.14;

From the previous article Properties of Virtual Functions, we know that a virtual function may or may not be overridden in the derived lasses. It means, it is not necessary for a derived class to override a virtual function. But there are times when a base class is not able to define anything meaningful for the virtual function in that case every derived class must provide its own definition of the that function. To force this type of overriding you use the following general form to declare a virtual function: virtual ret-type func-name(arg-list)=0; This type of virtual function is known as Pure Virtual Function. There are two major differences between a virtual and a pure virtual function, these are below: There CAN’T be a definition of the pure virtual function in the base class. There MUST be a definition of the pure virtual function in the derived class. By making a virtual function ‘Pure’, it becomes n

From the previous two articles Introduction to Virtual Functions and Virtual Functions and Run-time Polymorphism, we have been discussing about Virtual Functions. In this article we’ll be discussing about two important properties of Virtual Functions. As properties can be better understood by examples, we’ll be using them more rather than text and definitions that could confuse you. Property #1: // Properties of virtual functions #include <iostream.h> // base class class base { public: virtual void func() { cout<<"Base's func() "; } }; // derived class class derived1:public base { public: // this is a virtual function void func() { cout<<"Derived1's func() "; } }; // derived from another // derived class class derived2:public derived1 { public: // still virtual void func() { cout<<"Derived2's func() ";

Before beginning this I would like to tell you one thing through the following program: // Virtual Functions and // Run-time Polymorphism #include <iostream.h> // base class class base { public: int a; }; // derived class class derived:public base { public: int b; }; // main void main() { base b; derived d; // base class pointer base *bptr; // pointer pointing // to base's object bptr=&b; bptr->a=10; // pointer pointing // to derived's object bptr=&d; // still is able to access // the members of the base // class bptr->a=100; } The property above combined with virtual function can be used to achieve a very special and powerful feature, known as run-time polymorphism. We had discussed about What is Polymorphism before so we wont be discussing it here. The program below illustrates how virtual functions can be used to achieve run-time polymo

Virtual functions are special member functions of a class which may be re-defined in the derived classes. It is used to give specific meaning to the base class member function with respect to the derive class. Virtual functions can be thought of as a function name reserved in the bas class which may be re-defined in the derived classes as per the need so that every derived class has the same function that performs specific (as redefined in the derived class) action. Let’s now have a look at a simple program to show virtual functions inaction: // Virtual functions #include <iostream.h> // base class class base { public: // precede the function name // with the 'virtual' keyword // to make it a virtual function virtual void func() { cout<<"Base's func() "; } }; // derived class class derived:public base { public: // redefinition of the // function void func() { cou

First, have a look at the following code: // Using Friend Functions #include <iostream.h> class myclass { int a; public: friend int geta(myclass); void seta(int x){a=x;} }; // notice how the friend function // can access even the private members // of the class int geta(myclass ob) { return ob.a; } void main() { myclass obj; obj.seta(100); // accessed as usual cout<<geta(obj); } Did you notice the specialty? In the above example program the function geta() is just a general function (friend of class, of course) but still it is able to access the private member of the class (i.e. the variable ‘a’). The function is also called as usual since it is not a member function. This is because by declaring any non-member function as friend inside a class, gives it access to the entire Private and Protected members of that class. Many of you would be wondering what is gained by doing this

Much like the Static Members, there also exist static member functions. Just as static members, static functions can also be accessed independently of any specific object and thus its primary use is to pre-initialize static members before creation of any object. The following program illustrates how static member functions are declared and used: // Static Member Functions #include <iostream.h> class myclass { // declare a static int a; public: // static function static void init(int x){a=x;} int get(){return a;} }; // define a int myclass::a; void main() { // static functions may // be called independently // using the class name myclass::init(100); myclass obj; cout<<obj.get(); } In the above example the static members function (init() ) is used to initialize the static member variable ‘a’ before object creation. A few points to remember: Static member function

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This is the second part of the article How String Functions (strinh.h) Work? Here we'll be designing our own version of some other commonly used standard library string manipulation function that we discussed in the article String Manipulation Functions (string.h) II. These will help increase your programming skills further. mystrlwr(): // mystrlwr function #include<iostream.h> // -- FUNCTION PROTOTYPES -- char *mystrlwr(char *); // -- ENDS -- void main() { char ch[]="C++ ProGramming123"; cout<<mystrlwr(ch); } char *mystrlwr(char *str) { char *temp; temp=str; while(*str!='') { // change only if its a // UPPER case character // intelligent enough not to // temper with special // symbols and numbers if(*str>=65 && *str<=90) *str+=32; str++; } return temp;; } mystrupr(): // mystrupr function #include<iostre

In the article Pointers to Function, we saw how pointers can be made to point at functions and hence can be used to invoke them. By far the most important use of pointers to functions is to have arrays of functions. This can be achieved as stated below You already know that we can have arrays of pointers and pointers can be made to point at functions. So combining both we can have array of pointers to functions put differently, we can have array of functions. The example program below demonstrates how we can have array of functions; please note that this concept is mostly used in writing compilers and interpreters, so you shouldn’t expect the program to do anything serious or useful! // Program to demonstrate // array of functions #include<iostream.h> // -- FUNCTION PROTOTYPES -- void func1(); void func2(); void func3(); void func4(); void func5(); // -- ENDS -- void main() { // notice the prototype void (*ptr[5])();

This is the continuation of the article String Manipulation Functions (string.h) in which we’re discussing about the string manipulation functions. Here I have listed 8 functions along with their prototype (simplified) and a short description. One thing to note here is that unlike the last article on this topic, I have not included example programs, since the functions (with their prototypes) are pretty much straightforward. strlwr: Prototype: char *strlwr(char *) This function converts the given string to lowercase and returns the same. strupr: Prototype: char *strupr(char *) This function converts the given string to UPPERCASE and returns it. strncat: Prototype: strncat(char *str1, const char *str2, int n) It appends first ‘n’ characters of str2 to the end of str1. strncpy: Prototype: int strncmp(char *str1, const char *str2, int n) This function compares first ‘n’ characters of str1 with str2, it returns 0 if

In the previous article String Manipulation Functions (string.h), we had a look at some of the commonly used string manipulation functions. There is no denying the fact that those functions are useful but have you ever wondered how those functions actually work or what is the algorithm behind their working? If yes then read on… In this article I am going to present you with our own version of the string manipulation functions that we had discussed, namely strlen(), strcpy(), strcat() and strcmp(). Our versions will do the same thing as done by the original functions but surely they would teach us a lot! Let's have a look at them one-by-one: mystrlen // mystrlen- function #include<iostream.h> int mystrlen(const char *); void main(void) { char ch[]="This is great!"; cout<<"Length:"<<mystrlen(ch); } int mystrlen(const char *str) { int len=0; while(str[len]!='') len++; return len; } mystrcpy // mystrcpy- function #inclu

This article discusses about the classic string manipulation functions defined in the string.h header file. From quite a while peoples have been asking me to write an article on the standard library string manipulation functions. These functions are defined in the string.h header file, so you must include it to use them. There are dozens of string functions in the string.h header file and thus it is difficult to list them all. So rather than listing them all I would be discussing in detail about only few commonly used string manipulation functions along with an example program illustrating how each function is used. strlen: Prototype: int strlen(const char *string); This function takes the base address of the string as the argument and returns the number of characters in it (including spaces). // strlen() string manipulation // function #include<iostream.h> #include<string.h> void main(void) { char ch[]="String Manipulation"

Author: Arie JonesPaperback: 790 pagesPublisher: Wrox (April 29, 2005) Language: EnglishISBN: 0764569015 Gives programmers two-in-one coverage, with both a ""how-to"" on SQL functions and a complete SQL functions reference SQL is the standard language for database queries; this book's advanced coverage helps programmers write their own SQL functions Covers both the internationally standardized SQL 99 functions and the hundreds of additional functions introduced by vendors, including the subtle variations required to successfully migrate or interoperate between vendor products Covers the latest versions of the major relational database management system (RDMS) applications: Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2, and MySQL Zip Password: T0sT@rN@

Recursion is a process of defining something in terms of itself. Function recursion therefore means to define a function in terms of itself, in other words a function that calls itself inside its body is known as recursive functions. Example: void func (something) { something… something… func(something); } Notice how the function func () is calling itself! Why use recursive Functions? In most cases recursive functions can be replaced by iterative statements, then why use recursive functions? Here are a few points that justify its use: Recursive functions make the code easier and simpler to understand. There are certain algorithms that could be very easily implemented using recursion but are pretty much difficult to implement using iterative or other non-recursive methods. Some of the people tend to think recursively, so their thoughts can be better implemented using recursion. Below is a

Not a whole lot to see here, but we've got to give it up to Pontus for managing to sneak in a 70's stock photo of frolicking children into its PMP interface pics -- check it out after the break. Otherwise the Pontus EN-4500 is just your standard all-in-one fare, with a 480 x 272 4.3-inch screen, (ugly) GPS, 1seg TV tuner, SD storage and general PMP functions. It'll be out in Japan by the end of the month for 60,000 yen, about $487 US dollars.Continue reading Pontus' new EN-4500 wraps up PMP, GPS and 1seg functions(Via Engadget.)